From: WILX News 10----A viewer shared this amazing pic of Irene descending onto North Carolina......
WOW WOW all I can say is WOW.....
WOW WOW all I can say is WOW.....
Από: Gregory Carr
Κυριακή 28 Αυγούστου 2011
΄διάσωση θαλάσσιων χελωνών από τον τυφώνα Άϊρίν
Sea Turtles Rescued From Hurricane Irene
ANIMAL RIGHTS : Τα Δικαιώματα Των Ζώων. Τι είναι?
While lifeguards kept busy rescuing swimmers on the beach, another rescue involving sea turtles was taking place -- all from the effects of Hurricane Irene. For the full story, go to WPBF.com.
The beaches that limn Brevard County in Florida went unscathed by Hurricane Irene, but large number of tiny creatures for whom the beach is home did not. The ch
σβήνουν την φωτιά με ανεμιστήρα
«Δεν σώζουμε τους Έλληνες αλλά τα κέρδη των γερμανικών και γαλλικών τραπεζών»
«Η Σλοβακία πρέπει να εμποδίσει τις ρυθμίσεις που αφορούν τον ευρωπαϊκό μηχανισμό διάσωσης» σημείωσε ο πρόεδρος της σλοβακικής Βουλής και αρχηγός του κόμματος Ελευθερία και Αλληλεγγύη, Ρίτσαρντ Σούλικ.
«Αν οι Έλληνες είχαν χρεοκοπήσει πριν από ενάμιση χρόνο, τώρα θα είχαν τα χειρότερα πίσω τους. Όμως τώρα είναι κλινικά νεκροί αλλά διατηρούνται σε κώμα» σημείωσε ο Σλοβάκος πρόεδρος,
«Αυτό που κάνουν οι χώρες του ευρώ είναι σαν να σβήνουν την φωτιά με ανεμιστήρα. Δεν σώζουμε τους Έλληνες αλλά τα κέρδη των γερμανικών και γαλλικών τραπεζών» κατέληξε ο κ. Σούλικ.
Αναρτήθηκε από ivan on 27.8.11Παρασκευή 26 Αυγούστου 2011
Η μπαρούφα του "αμερικανικού ονείρου"
από "φάρος του Θερμαϊκού"
http://farosthermaikou.blogspot.com/2011/08/blog-post_26.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2FAhmUU+%28%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%29&utm_content=Yahoo%21+Mail
Παρασκευή, 26 Αυγούστου 2011
Η μπαρούφα του "αμερικανικού ονείρου"
Η οικονομική κρίση που πλήττει και τις ΗΠΑ, ήρθε να αποκαλύψει κάποια περιστατικά που ήταν άγνωστα στον πολύ κόσμο για τα όσα συμβαίνουν στην κατ΄ όνομα πλέον μόνο «υπερδύναμη». Κάποια γεγονότα που δείχνουν ότι το «αμερικανικό όνειρο» ήταν μία μεγάλη μπαρούφα, καθώς βασίζεται στο στραγγαλισμό των δικαιωμάτων των εργαζομένων. Από την εφημερίδα «Τα Νέα», αλιεύσαμε ένα πολύ ωραίο άρθρο της Corine Lesnes, ανταποκρίτριας της «Μοντ» στην Ουάσιγκτον. Διαβάστε το:
«Το μαύρισμα είναι κάτι άγνωστο γι' αυτούς. Η χλωμάδα τους δείχνει ότι δεν έφυγαν ούτε για μια εβδομάδα από τη δουλειά, δεν πήγαν ούτε για ένα Σαββατοκύριακο στο Rehoboth, ένα θέρετρο στο Ντελαουέρ, τρεις ώρες από την πρωτεύουσα (...) Τη χρονιά αυτή, η κρίση επέτεινε ακόμη περισσότερο την τάση των Αμερικανών να μην πηγαίνουν διακοπές. Το φαινόμενο ήταν τόσο έντονο, ώστε οι κοινωνιολόγοι κατασκεύασαν μια λέξη για τις διακοπές στο σπίτι: staycation, από το stay (μένω) και το vacation (διακοπές) (...) Οι Αμερικανοί εφηύραν το week-end, αλλά πηγαίνουν διακοπές μόνο τρεις ημέρες κατά μέσο όρο τον χρόνο (...) μόνο το 14% των μισθωτών λείπουν για δύο συνεχόμενες εβδομάδες (...) Απουσία από τη δουλειά για τέσσερις ημέρες δικαιολογείται μόνο στο Thanksgiving»
Δευτέρα 22 Αυγούστου 2011
Ισπανοί «Αγανακτισμένοι»
Ας τα βλέπουν αυτά ο υπουργός Προστασίας και η ΕΛΑΣ και ας παραδειγματίζονται: όταν οι δικοί μας Αγανακτισμένοι επιστρέψουν στις πλατείες, ας μη παριστάνουν το γορίλα και δέρνουν άδικα τον κόσμο – οι πλατείες θα καταληφθούν και πάλι, γιατί δε λύθηκε κανένα από τα προβλήματα που τις γέμισαν την άνοιξη και στις αρχές του καλοκαιριού. Το ερώτημα που τίθεται δεν είναι αν θα ξανα-γεμίσουν οι πλατείες, αλλά ποιο θα είναι τώρα το πολιτικό μήνυμα που θα στείλουν – και πως οι πολίτες θα οργανώσουν την παρουσία τους εκεί.
Επανήλθαν στην κεντρική πλατεία της Μαδρίτης οι Ισπανοί «Αγανακτισμένοι που συγκρούστηκαν με την αστυνομία με αποτέλεσμα να τραυματιστούν 20 άνθρωποι. Διαβάστε τη συνέχεια του άρθρου »
Παρασκευή 19 Αυγούστου 2011
AIDS
http://www.zougla.gr/page.ashx?pid=2&aid=364495&cid=15
Bρέθηκε το φάρμακο για το AIDS
Πρώτη καταχώρηση: Παρασκευή, 19 Αυγούστου 2011, 18:43
Προς το παρόν το «DRACO» υπάρχει μόνον στα εργαστήρια του περίφημου Ινστιτούτου της Μασαχουσέτης, το MIT.
Η απίστευτη αποτελεσματικότητα του έχει επιβεβαιωθεί στα πειράματα με ποντίκια. Αλλά όλα δείχνουν πως οι ερευνητές κατάφεραν να συναγωνιστούν τους θεούς, κατασκευάζοντας μία ουσία που σκοτώνει παράλληλα τον ιό του AIDS (HIV), την πολιομυελίτιδα, την ιλαρά αλλά και τον φονικό ιό της Ισπανικής Γρίπης (δάγκειος πυρετός).
Ακόμη εξουδετερώνει μία σειρά από γνωστούς ιούς (ρινοϊούς) που προκαλούν το κοινό κρυολόγημα.
Τι είναι το DRACO;
Η μεγαλύτερη πρόκληση που καλείται να αντιμετωπίσει η σύγχρονη ιατρική επιστήμη έχει να κάνει με την καταπολέμηση ασθενειών, οι οποίες προέρχονται από την επώαση ιών.
Όπως εξηγεί ο δρ. Todd Rider, ηγετικό στέλεχος της ερευνητικής ομάδας του ΜΙΤ, που ασχολείται με την παρασκευή του DRACO, «εάν εντοπίσουμε ένα παθογόνο βακτήριο στο περιβάλλον, τότε ενδεχομένως να υπάρχει κάποιο αντιβιοτικό που θα μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί για θεραπεία. Ωστόσο, έχω καταλάβει ότι υπάρχουν ελάχιστες θεραπείες για τους ιούς».
Το DRACO (Ολιγομεριστής διπλοελικοειδούς RNA ενεργοποιηθείσας Κασπάσης - Double-stranded RNA Activated Caspase Oligomerizer) είναι ένα πανίσχυρο φάρμακο, το οποίο, σύμφωνα με τον δρα Rider, χρησιμοποιείται στην καταπολέμηση ασθενειών που οφείλονται σε ιούς και πλήττουν τους έμβιους οργανισμούς.Το φάσμα δράσης του DRACO είναι σχεδιασμένο με τέτοιο τρόπο, ώστε να ενεργοποιεί την αυτοκαταστροφή κυττάρων, τα οποία έχουν επιμολυνθεί από οποιονδήποτε ιό και επομένως σταματούν την εξάπλωση της μόλυνσης στα υπόλοιπα υγιή κύτταρα.
Το στέλεχος H1N1
Παράλληλα, οι επιστήμονες εκφράζουν την ελπίδα ότι η δράση του DRACO θα μπορούσε να επεκταθεί και για την καταπολέμηση ιών που εμφανίστηκαν πρόσφατα, όπως το επίσης θανατηφόρο στέλεχος SARS (άτυπη πνευμονία).
Πώς ακριβώς λειτουργεί το νέο υπέρ-φάρμακο;
Σύμφωνα, πάντα, με την επιστημονική ομάδα του ΜΙΤ, το DRACO ενεργεί, χρησιμοποιώντας τα ανθρώπινα κύτταρα, που προέρχονται από τα συστήματα φυσικής άμυνας του οργανισμού, εναντίον κάθε μορφής ιογενούς επιμόλυνσης.
Eπιμήκεις σειρές διπλοελικοειδούς RNA (dsRNA), το οποίο είναι και το αποτύπωμα του επιμολυσμένου κυττάρου
Όπως είναι φυσικό, αμέσως μόλις ο ιός ολοκληρώσει την αναπαραγωγή του, θα σκοτώσει το κύτταρο-ξενιστή και θα αρχίσει να εξαπλώνεται περαιτέρω.
Τα ανθρώπινα κύτταρα περιλαμβάνουν πρωτεΐνες που ενσωματώνονται στο dsRNA και ενεργοποιούν ένα κύμα αντιδράσεων, που αποτρέπει τους ιούς από το να αναπαραχθούν. Ο Rider είχε την ιδέα να συνδυάσει μία από αυτές τις πρωτεΐνες με ακόμη μία πρωτεΐνη, η οποία προτρέπει τα κύτταρα να αυτοκαταστραφούν. Η διαδικασία αυτή, που ονομάζεται απόπτωση και την οποία προκαλεί το DRACO, πέτυχε.
Τελευταία ενημέρωση: Παρασκευή, 19 Αυγούστου 2011,
Κυριακή 14 Αυγούστου 2011
Σαν σήμερα
1877. Ο Thomas Edison πραγματοποιεί την πρώτη ηχογράφηση στην ανθρωπότητα με το παιδικό τραγούδι " Mary had a little lamb "
1940. Τορπιλίζετε από τους Ιταλούς στη΄ν Τήνο το καταδρομικό "Ελλη"
15 Αυγούστου - παγκόσμια ημέρα των φάρων
1940. Τορπιλίζετε από τους Ιταλούς στη΄ν Τήνο το καταδρομικό "Ελλη"
15 Αυγούστου - παγκόσμια ημέρα των φάρων
Γονιδιακή θεραπεία με επιτυχία στη λευχαιμία
http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/epistimi-texnologia/bioepistimes/15715-2011-08-12-16-27-44.html
Γονιδιακή θεραπεία με επιτυχία στη λευχαιμία
Για πρώτη φορά, επιστήμονες στις ΗΠΑ κατάφεραν με γονιδιακή θεραπεία να καταστρέψουν καρκινικούς όγκους σε ασθενείς που βρίσκονταν σε προχωρημένο στάδιο λευχαιμίας, ένα επίτευγμα που απαίτησε 20 χρόνια προσπαθειών.Οι ερευνητές της Ιατρικής Σχολής Πέρελμαν του πανεπιστημίου της Πενσιλβάνια, με επικεφαλής τον καθηγητή Μάικλ Καλό και τον καθηγητή Καρλ Τζουν, που παρουσίασαν τη σχετική εργασία ταυτόχρονα στα ιατρικά περιοδικά «New England Journal of Medicine» και «Science Translational Medicine», τροποποίησαν γενετικά τα κύτταρα-Τ του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος προκειμένου να καταστρέψουν ένα συγκεκριμένο μόριο πρωτεΐνης (CD-19) που βρίσκεται στην επιφάνεια των λευχαιμικών κυττάρων. Τα τροποποιημένα κύτταρα-Τ αναπτύχθηκαν έξω από τον οργανισμό των ασθενών και στη συνέχεια -με τη βοήθεια ενός ιού ως «οχήματος»- εισήχθησαν σε άτομα που έπασχαν από προχωρημένη χρόνια λεμφοκυτταρική λευχαιμία.
Μετά την θεραπεία σε δύο ασθενείς με μικρό προσδόκιμο ζωής, αυτοί παρουσιάζουν πλέον πλήρη ύφεση της πάθησης εδώ και ένα χρόνο περίπου (κανένα ίχνος λευχαιμίας στο αίμα τους), ενώ και σε ένα τρίτο ασθενή ο όγκος παραμένει υπό έλεγχο. Οι ερευνητές σχεδιάζουν πιλοτικές θεραπείες σε τέσσερις ακόμα ασθενείς, πριν προχωρήσουν στην επόμενη «φάση 2» των κλινικών δοκιμών σε μεγαλύτερο δείγμα ασθενών.
«Τοποθετήσαμε ένα κλειδί στην επιφάνεια των κυττάρων-Τ, το οποίο ταιριάζει σε μια κλειδαριά που μόνο τα καρκινικά κύτταρα έχουν», δήλωσε ο Καλός, που εκτίμησε ότι η τεχνική θα μπορούσε μελλοντικά να αξιοποιηθεί και σε άλλες μορφές καρκίνου, όπως των πνευμόνων, των ωοθηκών, του μελανώματος, του μυελώματος, κ.α.
Η νέα μέθοδος διαφέρει από άλλες θεραπείες του καρκίνου, οι οποίες επίσης αποσκοπούν στην αξιοποίηση του ίδιου του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος του ασθενούς. Η νέα θεραπεία εμφανίζεται ασφαλής, χωρίς παρενέργειες όπως σε άλλες μεθόδους, αν και θα χρειαστούν περαιτέρω έρευνες.
Κάθε τροποποιημένο κύτταρο-Τ επιδεικνύει εκπληκτική ικανότητα εξόντωσης χιλιάδων καρκινικών κυττάρων (κατά μέσο όρο κατέστρεψαν πάνω από ένα κιλό όγκου σε κάθε ασθενή και με μεγάλη ταχύτητα), κάτι που ούτε οι επιστήμονες δεν περίμεναν. Τα πρώτα συμπτώματα καταστροφής των καρκινικών κυττάρων (κρυάδες, ναυτία, πυρετός) εμφανίστηκαν μόλις δύο εβδομάδες μετά την έναρξη της γονιδιακής θεραπείας. Τα τροποποιημένα κύτταρα-Τ αρκεί να χορηγούνται μόνο μια φορά και όχι περιοδικά, όπως η χημειοθεραπεία, καθώς πολλαπλασιάζονται μόνα τους. Έτσι, παρέμειναν στο αίμα των ασθενών για αρκετούς μήνες στη συνέχεια, αν και δεν είναι γνωστό ακόμα για πόσο χρόνο μπορεί να διαρκέσει το θεραπευτικό αποτέλεσμα.
Ένα από τα μεγάλα ερωτήματα είναι κατά πόσο τα εναπομένοντα στο σώμα τροποποιημένα κύτταρα-Τ θα συνεχίζουν να δρουν προστατευτικά και να εμποδίζουν την επαναδημιουργία του όγκου. Μόνο οι περαιτέρω δοκιμές θα δείξουν αν όντως έχει γίνει μια σημαντική πρόοδος στην μακροπρόθεσμη θεραπεία της λευχαιμίας, με απτά κλινικά αποτελέσματα.
Η αντικατάσταση του μυελού των οστών ουσιαστικά αποτελεί την μόνη θεραπεία των ασθενών με λευχαιμία, αλλά εμπεριέχει ένα όχι αμελητέο κίνδυνο θανάτου κατά τη διαδικασία, ενώ το ποσοστό θεραπείας βρίσκεται γύρω στο 50%. Η χρόνια λεμφοκυτταρική λευχαιμία είναι η πιο συχνή μορφή λευχαιμίας στους ενήλικους, μαζί με την χρόνια μυελογενή λευχαιμία.
Πηγή: ΑΜΠΕ
Επιμέλεια: Σ. Δαματόπουλος
Επιμέλεια: Σ. Δαματόπουλος
Αρνητική η Γερμανία για ευρωομόλογο
Από τη στιγμή που απλά συνεχώς θέλει να περνάει το δικό της, γιατί η Γερμανία δεν έμεινε έξω από το ευρώ όπως η Αγγλία; Τι δουλειά έχει ένας εγωιστής σε μια ένωση;
http://www.ert.gr/index.php/eidiseis/diethni/europe/15761-2011-08-14-07-42-30.html
Αρνητική η Γερμανία για ευρωομόλογο
Τελευταία Ενημέρωση στις Κυριακή, 14 Αυγούστου 2011 10:43 Κυριακή, 14 Αυγούστου 2011 10:39
Εντείνονται οι διεργασίες στην Ευρώπη για την αντιμετώπιση της κρίσης χρέους, και ήδη το ενδιαφέρον στρέφεται στην συνάντηση Μέρκελ-Σαρκοζί της Τρίτης, όπου αναμένεται να συζητηθούν προτάσεις για την κοινή οικονομική διακυβέρνηση της ευρωζώνης. Μία από τις λύσεις από πολλές πλευρές είναι και η έκδοση ευρωομόλογου, λύση την οποία απορρίπτει η Γερμανία.Σχετικές ειδήσεις:
Αναζητώντας ασπίδα για το ευρώ
«Άμεση λύση με ευρωομόλογο»
Η Γερμανία παραμένει αυστηρά αντίθετη στην έκδοση ευρωομολόγου όσο τα κράτη-μέλη ακολουθούν τη δική τους δημοσιονομική πολιτική, δηλώνει ο γερμανός υπουργός Οικονομικών σε συνέντευξή του στο εβδομαδιαίο περιοδικό Spiegel, που θα κυκλοφορήσει την Δευτέρα.
Ο Βόλφγκανγκ Σόιμπλε τάσσεται υπέρ της ενίσχυσης της δημοσιονομικής πειθαρχίας στην ευρωζώνη και επαναλαμβάνει ότι δεν υπάρχει αμοιβαιότητα του χρέους, ούτε βοήθεια επ' άπειρον.
Ακόμα τονίζει πως η μεταρρύθμιση στην ευρωζώνη μπορεί να γίνει μόνο σταδιακά γιατί πρέπει να εξασφαλιστεί η ένταξη των πολιτών, μία πολιτική ένωση για την οποία ο κόσμος δεν ήταν έτοιμος όταν δημιουργήθηκε το ευρώ.
Οι δηλώσεις του αυτές διατυπώνονται λίγες ημέρες πριν από τη συνάντηση στο Παρίσι που θα έχουν η καγκελάριος Αγγελα Μέρκελ και ο πρόεδρος Νικολά Σαρκοζί. Η συνάντηση θα επικεντρωθεί στους νέους κανόνες που θα διέπουν την ευρωζώνη και στα μέτρα για την αποτροπή της αστάθειας στις χρηματαγορές όπως παρατηρήθηκε τις τελευταίες ημέρες.
Η Γερμανία τάσσεται υπέρ μιας ενίσχυσης της δημοσιονομικής πειθαρχίας στην ευρωζώνη, μέσω ενός αυστηρότερου μηχανισμού κυρώσεων σε βάρος όσων παραβιάζουν τους κανόνες του συμφώνου σταθερότητας.
Υπέρ του ευρωομόλογου τάχθηκαν το ο Ιταλός υπουργός Οικονομικών Τζούλιο Τρεμόντι και ο κυβερνητικός εκπρόσωπος της Ελλάδας Ηλίας Μόσιαλος, με συνέντευξή του, στο «Πρώτο Θέμα».
ΠΗΓΕΣ: ΝΕΤ FM – AMΠΕ
Επιμέλεια: Δημήτρης Αλεξόπουλος
Σάββατο 13 Αυγούστου 2011
Ντροπή
Κρίση στις χώρες που ευημερούν! Τι θα λέγανε άραγε όσοι δεν έχουν να φάνε και πεθαίνουν από την πείνα αν το άκουγαν; Ευτυχώς είναι τόσο φτωχοί που δεν έχουν τηλεοράσεις και δεν ενημερώνονται ότι εν μέρη η κρίση της Ευρώπης οφείλεται και στο ότι εκμεταλλεύτηκε και αυτούς ακόμα για να φτάσει στην ευημερία που την ώθησε στην κρίση!
Τι αντιφατικό! Από κάκιστους χειρισμούς φτάσαμε να έχουμε κρίση εκεί που θα έπρεπε να ήταν ο παράδεισος!
Αλλά όταν εκμεταλλεύεσαι τους πάντες δίχως να υπολογίζεις τίποτε εκεί καταλήγεις! Ντροπή για την σπατάλη των πόρων τόσο των φυσικών όσο και των ανθρώπινων! Ντροπή για την αισχροκέρδεια! Ντροπή για την εκμετάλλευση του ανθρώπου από τον άνθρωπο!
Που είναι η εκκλησία να διαμαρτυρηθεί; Που παντού χώνει την μύτη της; Πού είναι τώρα! Έτσι δίδαξε ο Χριστός;: One person can make a difference
Facebook is empowering and transforming Society! USE IT to Create the world you ...deserve! Like the Egyptians who signed up to, and shared the Facebook event that brought thousands of anti-government protesters to the streets. Facebook is For Freedom! Facebook is for Peace and Facebook is for Justice! Will we see a new Social Media Democracy?Δείτε περισσότερα
One Person Can Make A Difference! We must BE the CHANGE we want to see in the world! We should not wait for our governments or any Organisations we should simply build a BRIGHTER FUTURE! 
There's a domino effect underway in the Arab world. Tunisia was the spark, not o...nly because its uprising came first but because the people of Tunisia won and the dictator fled. Thank you for supporting the people who want to be FREE!
Freedom Peace and Justice all around the world! The Revolution is NOW!Δείτε περισσότερα
Freedom Peace and Justice all around the world! The Revolution is NOW!Δείτε περισσότερα
One Person Can Make A Difference! We must BE the CHANGE we want to see in the world! We should not wait for our governments or any Organisations we should simply build a BRIGHTER FUTURE! 
Welcome... Its time to Rebuild the future of the millions of refugees that will leave their countries!
One Person Can Make A Difference! We must BE the CHANGE we want to see in the world! We should not wait for our governments or any Organisations we should simply build a BRIGHTER FUTURE! 
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One Person Can Make A Difference! We must BE the CHANGE we want to see in the world! We should not wait for our governments or any Organisations we should simply build a BRIGHTER FUTURE!
Παρασκευή 12 Αυγούστου 2011
Όταν ο Αϊνστάιν έβγαζε γλώσσα
Μήνυμα προς την ανθρωπότητα και την αμερικανική κοινωνία έκρυβε η πόζα του Αϊνστάιν σε μια από τις πιο διάσημες φωτογραφίες του 20ου αιώνα. Δείτε το γιατί (Pic)
Ο Άλμπερτ Άινσταϊν, ένας από τους μεγαλύτερους επιστήμονες όλων των εποχών, ήταν γνωστός πέρα από τα επιστημονικά του επιτεύγματα και για το χιούμορ του.
Η αφιέρωση που είχε γράψει σε μια από τις πιο διάσημες φωτογραφίες του αποδεικνύουν το δεύτερο, καθώς για το πρώτο δεν χωράει φυσικά ουδεμία αμφισβήτηση.
Η φωτογραφία που απεικονίζει τον μεγάλο επιστήμονα να "βγάζει γλώσσα" είχε τραβηχτεί στα 72α γενέθλια του Αϊνστάιν στις 14 Μαρτίου 1951.
Κατά τη διάρκεια ενός πάρτι στο Princeton, ο Άρθουρ Σάσε, φωτογράφος του πρακτορείου UPI, του ζήτησε να χαμογελάσει για μια φωτογραφία.
Ο Αϊνστάιν στήθηκε, ωστόσο δεν μπορούσε να πάρει την πόζα που ήθελε ο Σάσε, ο οποίος του ζητούσε να συνεχίσει να χαμογελά.
Ο Αϊνστάιν ενθουσιάστηκε από τη φωτογραφία και ζήτησε από τον Σάσε να του δώσε 9 αντίγραφα, από τα οποία υπέγραψε μόνο το ένα, το οποίο έδωσε στον φίλο του δημοσιογράφο Χάουαρντ Σμιθ.
Σε αυτή τη φωτογραφία ο σπουδαίος επιστήμονας έγραψε στα Γερμανικά: "Αυτή η πόζα θα σου αρέσει γιατί απευθύνεται σε όλη την ανθρωπότητα. Ένας πολίτης μπορεί να κάνει αυτό που δεν θα τολμούσε κανένας διπλωμάτης".
Το απλό αυτό μήνυμα του Αϊνστάιν, ενδεικτικό του χαρακτήρα του, παίρνει άλλες διαστάσεις αν σκεφτούμε και την εποχή.
Επρόκειτο για τις μέρες τις αντικομμουνιστικής υστερίας στις ΗΠΑ, όταν όλοι βρίσκονταν στο μικροσκόπιο και έπρεπε να προσέχουν, ώστε να μην χαρακτηριστούν αντικομφορμιστές.
Ο Αϊνστάιν με τη στάση του και με τη φωτογραφία αυτή ειρωνεύτηκε τους κυνηγούς μαγισσών του Μακάρθι, που για λίγα χρόνια άπλωσαν τον φόβο σε όλες τις εκφάνσεις της ζωής των Αμερικανών.
Η φωτογραφία με την αφιέρωση του Αϊνστάιν, πωλήθηκε σε δημοπρασία στις 19 Ιουνίου 2009 για 74.324 δολάρια. Ήταν η μόνη από τις 9 φωτογραφίες, που τέθηκε σε δημοπρασία.
Η αφιέρωση που είχε γράψει σε μια από τις πιο διάσημες φωτογραφίες του αποδεικνύουν το δεύτερο, καθώς για το πρώτο δεν χωράει φυσικά ουδεμία αμφισβήτηση.
Η φωτογραφία που απεικονίζει τον μεγάλο επιστήμονα να "βγάζει γλώσσα" είχε τραβηχτεί στα 72α γενέθλια του Αϊνστάιν στις 14 Μαρτίου 1951.
Κατά τη διάρκεια ενός πάρτι στο Princeton, ο Άρθουρ Σάσε, φωτογράφος του πρακτορείου UPI, του ζήτησε να χαμογελάσει για μια φωτογραφία.
Ο Αϊνστάιν στήθηκε, ωστόσο δεν μπορούσε να πάρει την πόζα που ήθελε ο Σάσε, ο οποίος του ζητούσε να συνεχίσει να χαμογελά.
Αρκετά κλικ αργότερα, ο πατέρας της Θεωρίας της Σχετικότητας, κουράστηκε και έβγαλε τη γλώσσα του στον φωτογράφο, ο οποίος δεν έχασε την ευκαιρία. Μια από τις πιο διάσημες φωτογραφίες του 20ου αιώνα ήταν γεγονός.
Ο Αϊνστάιν ενθουσιάστηκε από τη φωτογραφία και ζήτησε από τον Σάσε να του δώσε 9 αντίγραφα, από τα οποία υπέγραψε μόνο το ένα, το οποίο έδωσε στον φίλο του δημοσιογράφο Χάουαρντ Σμιθ.
Σε αυτή τη φωτογραφία ο σπουδαίος επιστήμονας έγραψε στα Γερμανικά: "Αυτή η πόζα θα σου αρέσει γιατί απευθύνεται σε όλη την ανθρωπότητα. Ένας πολίτης μπορεί να κάνει αυτό που δεν θα τολμούσε κανένας διπλωμάτης".
Το απλό αυτό μήνυμα του Αϊνστάιν, ενδεικτικό του χαρακτήρα του, παίρνει άλλες διαστάσεις αν σκεφτούμε και την εποχή.
Επρόκειτο για τις μέρες τις αντικομμουνιστικής υστερίας στις ΗΠΑ, όταν όλοι βρίσκονταν στο μικροσκόπιο και έπρεπε να προσέχουν, ώστε να μην χαρακτηριστούν αντικομφορμιστές.
Ο Αϊνστάιν με τη στάση του και με τη φωτογραφία αυτή ειρωνεύτηκε τους κυνηγούς μαγισσών του Μακάρθι, που για λίγα χρόνια άπλωσαν τον φόβο σε όλες τις εκφάνσεις της ζωής των Αμερικανών.
Η φωτογραφία με την αφιέρωση του Αϊνστάιν, πωλήθηκε σε δημοπρασία στις 19 Ιουνίου 2009 για 74.324 δολάρια. Ήταν η μόνη από τις 9 φωτογραφίες, που τέθηκε σε δημοπρασία.
Τετάρτη 10 Αυγούστου 2011
physics4u » Η υπεριώδης ακτινοβολίας θα μειωθεί σταδιακά ...
από ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΑΚΑΛΥΨΕΙΣ
www.physics4u.gr
physics4u, ελληνικό site επιστημονικού περιεχομένου
πως κατήντησαν τον κόσμο οι "ειδικοί"
Πάντως είναι απορίας άξιο πως όλοι αυτοί οι σπουδαγμένοι που μας φέραν σ' αυτό το χάλι γνωρίζοντας τόσα πολλά δεν έχουν μάθει κάτι πολύ απλό: όταν στηρίζεσαι στην υπερκατανάλωση επέρχεται και ο κορεσμός με απλά λόγια φρακάρουν τα πάντα. Απότομα. Και μετά τι κάνεις αν το σύστημα " υποκινώ πόλεμο - καταστρέφω - ξαναχτίζω για να βγάλω κέρδος"εκτροχιαστεί;
Μεγάλη βουτιά στα χρηματιστήρια όλου του κόσμου. Παγκόσμια ανησυχία
Κάτω από το φράγμα των 1.000 μονάδων, έκλεισε ο γενικός δείκτης του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών, ο οποίος κατέγραψε απώλειες 6%, εν μέσω της διεθνούς ανησυχίας για την κρίση χρέους σε Ευρώπη και ΗΠΑ.
Συγκεκριμένα, ο Γενικός Δείκτης τερμάτισε στις 998,24 μονάδες, ενώ ο τζίρος των συναλλαγών διαμορφώθηκε στα 84,66 εκατ. ευρώ.
Οι ισχυροί τριγμοί στα διεθνή χρηματιστήρια οδήγησαν την αγορά σε μεγάλη πτώση για ενδέκατη συνεχή συνεδρίαση. Στη διάρκεια των τελευταίων 11 συνεδριάσεων έχουν καταγραφεί συνολικές απώλειες 22,38%, ενώ σε επίπεδο κεφαλαιοποίησης οι εισηγμένες επιχειρήσεις έχουν απωλέσει περίπου 7 δισ. ευρώ, κατά τις τελευταίες έξι συνεδριάσεις.
Ο δείκτης υψηλής κεφαλαιοποίησης σημείωσε πτώση σε ποσοστό 5,84%, ενώ ο δείκτης της μεσαίας κεφαλαιοποίησης υποχώρησε σε ποσοστό 4,75% και ο δείκτης της μικρής κεφαλαιοποίησης σημείωσε πτώση 4,52 %.
Τις μεγαλύτερες απώλειες παρουσίασαν οι κλάδοι των εταιρειών Τηλεπικοινωνιών (-10,85%), Ταξιδίων και Αναψυχής (-8,75%) και Κοινής Ωφελείας (-7,30), ενώ με θετικό πρόσημο τερμάτισε μόνο ο κλάδος του Εμπορίου, ο οποίος σημείωσε κέρδη 1,78%. Ισχυρές πιέσεις δέχθηκε και ο κλάδος των Τραπεζών ο οποίος έκλεισε με απώλειες της τάξης του 4,31%.
Τα διεθνή χρηματιστήρια
Το Χρηματιστήριο της Νέας Υόρκης άνοιξε με μεγάλη πτώση στην πρώτη του συνεδρίαση μετά την υποβάθμιση της πιστοληπτικής ικανότητας των ΗΠΑ από τον οίκο αξιολόγησης Standard & Poor's, εντείνοντας το ήδη υπάρχον αρνητικό κλίμα λόγω της κρίσης χρέους της χώρας.
Με το άνοιγμα ο βιομηχανικός δείκτης Dow Jones υποχωρούσε κατά -1,66% και ο δείκτης Nasdaq των εταιρειών υψηλής τεχνολογίας κατά -3,35%.
Μεγάλες απώλειες καταγράφει και ο δείκτης Dax του Χρηματιστηρίου της Φρανκφούρτης ο οποίος γύρω στις 16:30 (ώρα Ελλάδας) υποχωρούσε στις 6.045,71 μονάδες, χάνοντας -3,07.
Στη Μόσχα, και τα δύο Χρηματιστήρια που είχαν ξεκινήσει πτωτικά παραμένουν στο «κόκκινο». Ο δείκτης RTS έχει πέσει στις 1.702,42 μονάδες (-5,36%) και ο Micex βρίσκεται στις 1.530,11 μονάδες (-3,58%).
Mε μεγάλη πτώση της τάξης του 4,5% άνοιξε και η συνεδρίαση στο Χρηματιστήριο του Σάο Πάολο, στη Βραζιλία.
Oι μεγάλοι φόβοι που ξύπνησε στις αγορές η υποβάθμιση του αξιόχρεου των ΗΠΑ από την Standard & Poor's έστειλαν τα διεθνή χρηματιστήρια σε χαμηλό 11μήνου τη Δευτέρα, υπερισχύοντας των ανοδικών τάσεων που προκάλεσαν τα νέα για παρέμβαση της ΕΚΤ στην αγορά ομολόγων.
Με το άνοιγμα ο βιομηχανικός δείκτης Dow Jones υποχωρούσε κατά -1,66% και ο δείκτης Nasdaq των εταιρειών υψηλής τεχνολογίας κατά -3,35%.
Μεγάλες απώλειες καταγράφει και ο δείκτης Dax του Χρηματιστηρίου της Φρανκφούρτης ο οποίος γύρω στις 16:30 (ώρα Ελλάδας) υποχωρούσε στις 6.045,71 μονάδες, χάνοντας -3,07.
Στη Μόσχα, και τα δύο Χρηματιστήρια που είχαν ξεκινήσει πτωτικά παραμένουν στο «κόκκινο». Ο δείκτης RTS έχει πέσει στις 1.702,42 μονάδες (-5,36%) και ο Micex βρίσκεται στις 1.530,11 μονάδες (-3,58%).
Mε μεγάλη πτώση της τάξης του 4,5% άνοιξε και η συνεδρίαση στο Χρηματιστήριο του Σάο Πάολο, στη Βραζιλία.
Oι μεγάλοι φόβοι που ξύπνησε στις αγορές η υποβάθμιση του αξιόχρεου των ΗΠΑ από την Standard & Poor's έστειλαν τα διεθνή χρηματιστήρια σε χαμηλό 11μήνου τη Δευτέρα, υπερισχύοντας των ανοδικών τάσεων που προκάλεσαν τα νέα για παρέμβαση της ΕΚΤ στην αγορά ομολόγων.
η ιστορία επαναλαμβάνεται ...ώσπου να βάλουμε μυαλό...
To μεγάλο "κραχ" στις ΗΠΑ το 1929
Στο πάρτι συμμετείχε και ο πρόεδρος των ΗΠΑ, Κάλβιν Κούλιτζ. Το όνομά του βρέθηκε στη λίστα εκλεκτών πελατών της House of Morgan, μαζί με άλλα μέλη του Κογκρέσου και του Ανώτατου Δικαστηρίου των ΗΠΑ. Ολοι έπαιζαν. Ορισμένοι, όμως, βρίσκονταν σε πλεονεκτικότερη θέση από τους άλλους.
Ανεξέλεγκτες οι τράπεζες
Από το 1921 μέχρι το 1929, ο δείκτης Dow Jones στη Νέα Υόρκη σκαρφάλωσε από τις 60 στις 400 μονάδες, με την αξία των μετοχών να ενισχύεται κατά 218,7%, ποσοστό ισοδύναμο με ετήσιο ρυθμό ανάπτυξης 18%. Στην πορεία βέβαια απεδείχθη ότι οι τράπεζες και οι χρηματιστηριακές τους, στις οποίες δάνειζαν αφειδώς κεφάλαια, λειτουργούσαν μέσα στην αναρχία.
Μια άλλη διάσταση αυτής της βραδυφλεγούς βόμβας ήταν τα investment trusts, πρόγονος των σύγχρονων χρηματιστηριακών κόλπων, όπως το σχέδιο Πόντζι του Μπέρναρντ Μέιντοφ. Μόνον που τότε κανένας δεν οδηγήθηκε στη φυλακή για τη δημιουργία κερδοσκοπικών αλυσίδων, σε αντίθεση με τον κ. Μέιντοφ που εκτίει ποινή 150 ετών. Τα investment trusts ήταν ένα σύμπλεγμα επενδυτικών κεφαλαίων, όπου το ένα απαρτίζονταν από μετοχές ενός άλλου, που και αυτό ήταν μια σύνθεση από μετοχές κάποιου άλλου κ.ο.κ.
Ωστόσο, τα αίτια του κραχ δεν περιορίζονται στα margin calls ή τα investment trusts, που φαίνονται απλούστατα μπροστά σε περίπλοκα επενδυτικά προϊόντα, όπως τα ομόλογα δανείων που προκάλεσαν την τελευταία διετία αιμορραγία στο χρηματοπιστωτικό σύστημα ή τα περιθωριακά hedge funds. Αν και οι επενδυτές αισθάνονταν προστατευμένοι από τη δημιουργία της ομοσπονδιακής τράπεζας των ΗΠΑ, το 1913 δεν υπήρχε ούτε καν η προσχηματική ύπαρξη μιας Επιτροπής Κεφαλαιαγοράς, ούτε βέβαια μιας υπηρεσίας που να εγγυάται τις καταθέσεις των πολιτών. Τον Μάρτιο του 1929, όταν άρχισε να γίνονται αισθητοί οι πρώτοι τριγμοί στο Χρηματιστήριο της Νέας Υόρκης, οι τραπεζίτες αγνόησαν την προειδοποίηση της Fed για συγκράτηση των δανείων που χορηγούσαν στους χρηματιστές τους. Ενας από τους ισχυρότερους, ο Τσαρλς Μίτσελ, διευθύνων σύμβουλος της National City Bank -η οποία αργότερα εξελίχθηκε σε Citibank- «ανταποκρίθηκε» στο αίτημα της Fed, παρέχοντας πιστώσεις 25 εκατ. δολαρίων για τη στήριξη της αγοράς.14 εκατομμύρια άνεργοι
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| Στρατιές ανέργων έξω από τα γραφεία εργασίας |
Από το 1929 μέχρι το 1932, οι μετοχές στο Χρηματιστήριο της Νέας Υόρκης είχαν απολέσει το 73% της αξίας τους. Το 1930, εννέα εκατομμύρια λογαριασμοί αποταμιεύσεων εκμηδενίστηκαν και 85.000 επιχειρήσεις κήρυξαν πτώχευση. Μέχρι το 1932, οι άνεργοι έφθαναν τα 14 εκατομμύρια. Η εποχή της ξεγνοιασιάς είχε τελειώσει, και θα χρειαζόταν ένας ακόμη παγκόσμιας πόλεμος για να ανασύρει τις ΗΠΑ και τον υπόλοιπο κόσμο από την ύφεση.
Σωτήρια η παρέμβαση του κράτους
Μια από τις διαφορές μεταξύ του κραχ του ’29 και της χρηματοπιστωτικής κρίσης που ξέσπασε προ διετίας και επιμένει μέχρι σήμερα είναι το μέγεθος των θυμάτων που προκάλεσε στον κλάδο. Υπολογίζεται ότι μετά το κραχ του ’29, περίπου 11.000 από τα 25.000 χρηματοπιστωτικά ιδρύματα των ΗΠΑ έβαλαν λουκέτο, αλλά αυτά που οδηγήθηκαν σε κατάρρευση δεν ήταν όμιλοι που έπαιζαν κομβικό ρόλο στο σύστημα. Από το 2008, όμως, μέχρι σήμερα κολοσσοί όπως η Citigroup και η Bank of America παραμένουν υπό την κηδεμονία του κράτους. Η Merrill Lynch δεν θα επιβίωνε εάν δεν απορροφούνταν από την Bank of America, η οποία την εξαγόρασε αντί 50 δισ. δολαρίων τον περασμένο Σεπτέμβριο, στο πλαίσιο μιας συμφωνίας που διερευνάται από τις δικαστικές αρχές της Νέας Υόρκης και την Επιτροπή Κεφαλαιαγοράς. Η Bear Stearns, ύστερα από μια 85ετή πορεία, εξαγοράστηκε από την J.P. Morgan Chase αντί του ευτελούς ποσού των 2 δολαρίων ανά μετοχή. Ας μην λησμονούμε, βεβαίως, την περίπτωση της American International Group, η οποία κρατικοποιήθηκε από το ομοσπονδιακό κράτος των ΗΠΑ με 85 δισ. δολάρια των Αμερικανών φορολογουμένων. Aνάλογη τύχη είχαν οι δύο μεγαλύτερες στεγαστικές εταιρείες των ΗΠΑ, Fannie Mae και Freddie Mac.Επιστροφή στο ’30
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| Στην ουρά για ένα καρβέλι ψωμί... |
Οι επιπτώσεις του «Κραχ» στις ΗΠΑ σε αριθμούς:
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->14.000.000 έμειναν άνεργοι.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->12.000 έχαναν τη δουλειά τους κάθε μέρα.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->20.000 επιχειρήσεις κήρυξαν πτώχευση.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->1616 τράπεζες πτώχευσαν.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->1 στους 20 γεωργούς ξεσπιτώθηκαν.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->§ <!--[endif]-->23.000 αυτοκτονίες σημειώθηκαν σ' ένα χρόνο, αριθμός ρεκόρ.
Τρίτη 9 Αυγούστου 2011
κρητίρια για τις γαλάζιες σημαίες
The Blue Flag is a voluntary eco-label awarded to over 3650 beaches and marinas in 44 countries across Europe, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada and the Caribbean.
The Blue Flag Programme is owned and run by the non-government, non-profit organisation the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). The Blue Flag works towards sustainable development of beaches and marinas through strict criteria dealing with Water Quality, Environmental Education and Information, Environmental Management, and Safety and Other Services.
για όποιον θέλει να δει τις λεπτομέρειες των κριτηρίων για τις γαλάζιες σημαίες (στα αγγλικά)
1
BLUE FLAG BEACH CRITERIA
AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
2011
INTRODUCTION
The Blue Flag programme for beaches and marinas is run by the international, non-governmental,
non-profit organisation FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education). The Blue Flag
programme was started in France in 1985. It has been operating in Europe since 1987 and in areas
outside of Europe since 2001, when South Africa joined. Today, Blue Flag has become a truly
global programme with an ever-increasing number of countries participating in the programme.
The Blue Flag programme promotes sustainable development in freshwater and marine areas. It
challenges local authorities and beach operators to achieve high standards in the four categories
of: water quality, environmental management, environmental education and safety. Over the years,
the Blue Flag has become a highly respected and recognised eco-label working to bring together
the tourism and environmental sectors at local, regional and national levels.
The explanatory notes given in this document make up the common and shared understanding of
the Blue Flag beach criteria and the requirements for the implementation thereof. The explanatory
notes provide details on the measurement and management of compliance with the Blue Flag
beach criteria.
The criteria are categorised as either imperative or guideline. Most beach criteria are imperative,
i.e. the beach must comply with them in order to be awarded Blue Flag accreditation. If they are
guideline criteria, it is preferable that they are complied with, but not mandatory.
It must be emphasised that the Blue Flag beach criteria in this document are the minimum criteria.
A national programme can choose to have stricter criteria to what is outlined here.
These beach criteria and explanatory notes are to be used by all Blue Flag applicants in order to
understand the requirements that must be met before a beach can receive Blue Flag accreditation.
For guidance purposes, this document should also prove valuable for the management of those
beaches already accredited with Blue Flag status. The beach criteria and explanatory notes also
serve as a guide for the National, Regional and International Blue Flag Juries when making
decisions about a Blue Flag beach candidate.
During the Blue Flag season the flag must fly at the beach. The flag is both a symbol of the
programme being run at the beach but also an indication of compliance. The flag may either be
flown 24 hours a day during the Blue Flag season, or only during the hours when the beach meets
all the Blue Flag criteria. In the case of the former, there must be adequate signage indicating the
time when services (eg life-saving), and facilities (eg toilets) are in operation.
If a beach that has Blue Flag accreditation does not comply with the Blue Flag criteria, the flag may
be permanently or temporarily withdrawn from the beach. There are several degrees of
non-compliance:
1.
consequence to the health and safety of the beach user or to the environment. When minor
compliance occurs and can be immediately rectified, the flag is not withdrawn and the
non-compliance is only registered in the control visit report. If however, a minor compliance
A minor non-compliance is where there are problems with only one criterion of minor2
cannot be fixed immediately, the beach is given 10 days in which to comply fully with all
criteria. The flag is withdrawn until all problems are rectified and it is noted on the
homepage.
2.
consequence to the health and safety of the beach user or to the environment. When
multiple non-compliances occur, the beach is given 10 days in which to comply fully with all
criteria, the flag is withdrawn until all the problems are rectified and the homepage is
updated accordingly.
Multiple non-compliances relates to non-compliance of two to three criteria but of minor3.
result of which can have consequence to the health and safety of the beach user or to the
environment, as well as the general perception of the beach and therefore the Programme.
When met with major non-compliance, the flag is withdrawn immediately and for the rest of
the season. The site is registered as 'withdrawn' on the Blue Flag homepage, and the beach
information board should clearly indicate that Blue Flag status has been withdrawn.
In all cases of non-compliance, the National Operator must immediately inform the local
authority/beach operator about the observed areas of non-compliance. Information about the
reason for a withdrawal of the flag must be posted clearly at the beach. The local authority/beach
operator must inform the National Operator of re-compliance with the criteria and present the
appropriate documentation needed. The flag can then be raised at the beach again. The National
Operator should also consider a follow-up control visit to check that the beach does comply. In the
event that the local authority/beach operator does not ensure and document re-compliance with the
criteria within 10 days, the National Operator must ensure that the Blue Flag is withdrawn for the
rest of the season at the beach.
In the event that conditions on the beach change and the flag has to be temporarily withdrawn, e.g.
when climatic events cause damage to the beach or an emergency arises, the beach management
must inform the National Operator that the flag has been temporarily withdrawn and the
international website must be changed accordingly.
Apart from updating the Blue Flag homepage of the status of the beach, the National Operator must
inform the International Coordination about the non-compliance. If the non-compliance is noted at
by an international controller, the National Operator has to give feedback to the International
Coordination within 30 days.
The applicant for Blue Flag accreditation is the authority charged with responsibility for the beach.
This may be a local municipality, private hotel, national park, or private beach operator. A beach
may be eligible for Blue Flag accreditation if it is a designated bathing area and it has the necessary
facilities and services to comply with the Blue Flag criteria.
A beach must be accessible in order to be eligible for Blue Flag accreditation. It is preferable that
beach users be granted free access to a Blue Flag beach, i.e. to use the beach and its facilities
without paying a fee. Blue Flag, however, recognises that at some beaches, e.g. private beaches,
members of the public are charged a small, reasonable fee to access the beach. Other payments
may be levied for services in the area, e.g. for parking or hiring of equipment.
FEE, and the National Operator in a country, reserves the right to refuse or withdraw Blue Flag
accreditation from any beach where the local authority/beach operator is responsible for violations
of national environmental regulations or otherwise acts in discord with the objectives and spirit of
the Blue Flag programme. Blue Flag beaches are subject to announced and/or unannounced
control visits by FEE International.
Major non-compliance is where the beach does not comply with one or several criteria, the3
In the event of a first-time applicant, the applicant local authority/beach operator must provide
evidence in the application that the beach complied with the imperative water quality criterion for
Blue Flag in the season (or year) prior to application for full status. Applications will only be
considered from beaches where a minimum of 20 samples have been taken in the previous
season(s).
4
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND INFORMATION
Each beach must have at least one Blue Flag information board in place containing all the
information as required by the criteria listed below. For long beaches it is recommended to install
more than one Blue Flag information board (approximately one every 500 metres). All Blue Flag
information boards must follow national standards with respect to information, content and design.
These Blue Flag information boards must be in place at all Blue Flag beaches.
Criterion 1. Information about the Blue Flag programme must be displayed.
Information about the Blue Flag programme must be displayed on the Blue Flag information board.
The essence of each of the four categories of the Blue Flag criteria must be explained in this
information. The length of the Blue Flag season must also be included.
The information could furthermore be posted at other locations, e.g. at major access points,
lifeguard stations, other beach facilities, or in parking areas. Tourist information offices should also
have information about the Blue Flag programme.
Contact details for the local, national and international Blue Flag representatives should be posted
as well.
In areas of international tourism, it is recommended that the information be provided in relevant
languages.
In the event that the flag is temporarily withdrawn, information must be posted at the beach
informing the public as to the reasons why the flag was withdrawn.
Appendix B provides an example of how the Blue Flag information can be presented.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 2. Environmental education activities must be offered and promoted to beach
users.
Environmental education activities promote the aims of the Blue Flag programme by:
- increasing the awareness of, and care for, the local environment by recreational users
and residents.
- training personnel and tourist service providers in environmental matters and best
practice methods.
- encouraging the participation of local stakeholders in environmental management
within the area.
- promoting sustainable recreation and tourism in the area.
- promoting the sharing of ideas and efforts between the Blue Flag programme and other
FEE programmes (YRE, LEAF, Eco-Schools and Green Key).
The planned environmental education activities for the coming season must be included in the
application documents, as well as a report on activities carried out during the previous Blue Flag
season (if applicable).
There must be at least five different activities offered in the municipality or community - preferably
5
during the Blue Flag season. The activities should focus on the environment, environmental issues,
Blue Flag issues or sustainability issues. At least some of the activities should be carried out at the
beach and have a direct focus on the beach environment.
The education activities should be effective and relevant, and each year, the local authority should
re-evaluate the activities that were implemented and work towards constantly improving them.
Where the planned environmental education activities are of interest to, and involve, the general
public or beach users these activities must be promoted in good time to inform the public about
these opportunities. Such activities could also be promoted on the Blue Flag information board, in
other areas in the beach area, in local centres, in newspapers and other media.
The environmental education activities must be clearly disseminated to the public. Preferably, the
activities should be posted on the common information board. However, dissemination could be an
updatable list posted at the kiosk or clubhouse, an SMS service or other means of communication.
Whatever the platform for dissemination is, it has to be stated on the information board where to
find out more about the activities.
Local authorities/beach operators are encouraged to implement and/or support sustainable
development projects in which public participation is a key element, e.g. Local Agenda 21
initiatives.
If specific sensitive natural areas exist near a Blue Flag beach (e.g. mangroves or sea grass beds),
it is strongly recommended that some of the education activities address these sensitive natural
areas.
Examples of good educational activities can be downloaded from the internal pages of the Blue
Flag international website (www.blueflag.org).
Appendix C provides further background on the environmental education activities.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 3. Information about bathing water quality must be displayed.
Bathing water quality information must be displayed on the Blue Flag information board. It is
recommended that a table or figure with easily identifiable symbols that correspond to the results
be used. The information should also clearly explain how the water quality results relate to the
imperative criteria for water quality, with specific reference to sampling frequency and the
conditions under which Blue Flag status can be withdrawn.
The authority in charge of providing the bathing water quality results must do so shortly after the
analysis so that the data can be updated regularly. It is the responsibility of the local authority to
ensure that the beach operator/beach management posts the information no later than one month
after the sampling date. The complete and detailed data must be made available by the local
authority to anybody upon request.
Appendix D provides an example of how this information could be presented.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
6
Criterion 4. Information relating to local eco-systems and environmental phenomena must
be displayed.
The aim of this criterion is to ensure that beach users are well informed and educated about
relevant environmental phenomena (including valuable cultural sites/communities), local
ecosystems and any sensitive areas in the surrounding environment so that they are encouraged
to learn about and experience the environment in a responsible way.
Where appropriate, information about coastal zone ecosystems, wetland areas, unique habitats or
any sensitive natural areas must be displayed at or close to the Blue Flag beach. The information
should include details about the natural area and a code of conduct for visitors to the area. If the full
information is not available on the Blue Flag information board, there should at least be a short
notice on the board informing the public about the nearby sensitive area and where they can find
further information.
Relevant environmental information could furthermore be displayed at tourist sites, at the natural
areas, or in tourist information offices. The information can be published in tourist brochures, local
newspapers or pamphlets created specifically for this purpose. In areas that are visited by a high
number of tourists, it is recommended that the information be presented in more than one way, as
listed above, and it should be presented in relevant languages.
In the case of sensitive underwater environments, specific information about these areas must be
provided for divers and snorkelers.
Some sites at/near the Blue Flag beach may be very sensitive and require special management. In
these
cases, the beach operator is strongly encouraged to consult an appropriate conservation
organisation or expert for advice on how to manage these sites. Where areas require special
management, at the time of application, the applicant must provide confirmation that this
consultation has taken place and that a management plan will be implemented.
However, the sensitivity of certain areas may prevent them from being part of a Blue Flag beach or
from having information posted at the beach directing people to the area. An increased number of
visitors could endanger wildlife and/or habitats, e.g. using land space for the construction of
facilities, parking, paths, etc. As a general rule, Blue Flag accreditation is only given to sites that
can demonstrate management of visitors and recreational use that prevents long-term irreversible
damage to the local natural environment.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 5. A map of the beach indicating different facilities must be displayed.
A map showing the boundaries of the Blue Flag beach area and the location of key facilities and
services must be posted on the Blue Flag information board. The map should be of good quality,
easy to read and properly orientated.
Pictograms should preferably be used.
7
The required map elements (where applicable) should show the location of:
- “You are here” pointers
- lifeguards or lifesaving equipment
- the area patrolled (for beaches
with lifeguards)
- first aid equipment
- telephones
- toilets (including toilets for
disabled people)
- drinking water
- car and bicycle parking areas
- authorised camping sites at/near
the beach
- recycling facilities
- location of water sampling point(s)
- access points and access for
disabled persons
- zoning (swimming, surfing, sailing,
boating, etc.) where applicable
- nearby public transport
- footpaths
- demarcation of Blue Flag area
- location of other information
boards
- rivers and inflows
- local landmarks (where
applicable)
- storm water outlets
-
etc.
- direction (North)
- scale bar
For guidelines on the design and suitability of maps of Blue Flag beaches, visit www.blueflag.org.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
nearby natural sensitive areas,Criterion 6. A code of conduct that reflects appropriate laws governing the use of the beach
and surrounding areas must be displayed.
The code of conduct should address the activities of beach users and their conduct on the beach.
The beach code of conduct must be displayed on the Blue Flag information board. The information
could furthermore be posted at other locations, e.g. at all major entrance points, near to the issue
concerned (i.e. a No Diving sign on a pier) or as information at the relevant sites. Internationally
recognised symbols, e.g. pictograms should be used wherever possible.
The code of conduct should include rules about the presence of domestic animals, zoning, litter
management, the use of vehicles, camping, fires, etc.
Laws governing beach usage and management should be available to the public at the office of the
local authority/beach operator.
The period when the lifesaving equipment and/or lifeguards, and first aid are available must be
clearly marked on the Blue Flag information boards or at the lifeguard station. An explanation of the
emergency flag system in use must also be provided.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
8
WATER QUALITY
In 2010, the Blue Flag programme has revised its bathing water quality criteria. Please note that
these criteria will be compulsory in 2012. For those countries who choose not yet to apply the new
bathing water criteria, please refer to the Beach explanatory notes of 2009 in Appendix E.
The Blue Flag programme requires that beaches achieve excellent bathing water quality. The
bathing water quality standards have been based on the most appropriate international and
national standards and legislation.
Blue Flag is an international eco-label and it therefore has one minimum global standard for water
quality. The standards described here for bathing water quality for beaches must be adopted
unless stricter national standards are already in existence, e.g. testing for total coliform bacteria. In
that case, the beach must comply with the more demanding national standards for bathing water
quality.
The revised bathing water criteria must be fully implemented by the 2012 season. National
Operators must inform the International Coordination whether they intend to use the 2009 bathing
water criteria or the revised bathing water criteria. In the first case, the limit values, parameters and
percentages of exceeding limits allowed are those used in 2009 and prior. In the latter case, the
limit values, parameters and the 95th percentile must be used. This is described in more detail in
the following criteria.
Criterion 7. The beach must fully comply with the water quality sampling and frequency
requirements.
A Blue Flag beach must have at least one sampling site and this must be located where the
concentration of bathers is highest. In addition, where there are potential sources of pollution, e.g.
near streams, rivers or other inlets, storm water outlets, etc. additional samples must be taken at
these sites to provide evidence that such inflows do not affect bathing water quality.
Samples for microbiological and physical–chemical parameters must be taken.
Similarly, in the case of inland waters where the water is supplemented by outside sources during
dry periods, the water quality of the outside source must meet the Blue Flag bathing water quality
standards.
Samples should be taken 30 cm below the water surface except for the mineral oil samples that
should be taken at surface level.
How often a sample must be taken?
There must be no more than 30 days between samples during the Blue Flag season. The Blue Flag
programme does not accept applications from beaches, irrespective of the length of the Blue Flag
season, where less than five samples have been taken. I.e. a minimum of five samples must be
taken evenly spread out during the season. The first sample must be taken within 30 days before
the official starting date of the Blue Flag season.
When sample results raise concern of a possible increase in levels of pollution, it is recommended
to temporarily increase the sampling frequency in order to track any possible pollution incident.
In the event of short-term pollution, one additional sample is to be taken to confirm that the incident
has ended. This sample is not part of the set of bathing water quality data. If necessary to replace a
9
discarded sample, an additional sample is to be taken seven days after the end of the short-term
pollution. Discounting of samples because of short-term pollution during the last assessment
period is allowed for maximum 15% of the total number of samples provided for in the monitoring
calendar established for that period, or one sample per bathing season, whichever is the greater.
When calculating 15% of the total number of samples provided for that period, the result must be
rounded up or down.
The rule is:
Anything lower or equal to ,49 should be rounded down (for example: a result of 2,49 gives a
possibility of discounting 2 samples).
Anything higher or equal to ,50 should be rounded up (for example: a result of 2,50 gives a
possibility of discounting 3 samples).
Both the original and the re-samples have to be sent as a dispensation case to the International
Jury for the evaluation (
Prior to 2010, non-compliance with the bathing water criteria would result in the flag being
withdrawn mid-season. With the new bathing water criteria, this use of the flag is no longer possible
since the calculation method applied looks at the average over a period of four seasons (see
criteria 10). However, in case of an oil spill, abnormal weather or other extreme factors which can
have a serious adverse effect on the quality of the bathing water, the beach manager must
temporarily take down the flag and clearly state the reason on the information board. It is
recommended that the wording of this information is along the lines: "This beach has recently
experienced abnormal weather. Swimming is not recommended at this time due to the possibility of
pollution."
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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see Appendix A on dispensation cases).Criterion 8. The beach must fully comply with the standards and requirements for water
quality analysis.
An independent person, officially authorised and trained for the task, must collect the samples.
An independent laboratory must carry out the analysis of the bathing water samples. The
laboratory must be nationally or internationally accredited to carry out microbiological and
physical-chemical analyses.
In the event that the sampler or the laboratory is not independent, at the time of application a
dispensation must be requested and details provided as to why this is required, e.g. in some cases
beaches are substantial distances away from the services necessary to meet this requirement.
Methods of analysis:
In the interest of increased quality and comparability of the bathing water quality data used for the
evaluation of candidates for the Blue Flag, FEE finds that methods of analysis that ensure a certain
trueness, reproducibility, repeatability and comparability between methods should be used. FEE
follows European (CEN) or International (ISO) standards in its recommendations regarding
parameters and acceptable methods of analysis.
Water quality results must be given to the National Operator as soon as they are made available
but not later than one month after the sample has been taken.
10
A sampling calendar must be established prior to the start of the bathing season. Sampling must
take place no later than four days after the date specified in the sampling calendar unless there are
exceptional circumstances preventing this. In such a case, the National Jury must submit the beach
as a dispensation case to the International Jury (
dispensation cases
see Appendix A for more information on).Sampling history:
The water quality results for the previous four seasons must accompany all applications. In order to
be eligible for the Blue Flag, the beach must show - through these reports - that the bathing water
quality standards were met in the previous seasons.
For new countries or new beaches, results from a minimum of 20 samples must be available for
Blue Flag accreditation to be considered. The sampling history may be taken in one Blue Flag
season in order to be able to apply the following year. The applicant beach may also choose to take
fewer samples and wait to apply when 20 samples have been collected (for example taking 10
samples in year 1, 10 more in year 2 and applying in year 3). Remember that a minimum of 5
samples has to be taken per bathing season.
The water quality information of the current season must be posted on the Blue Flag information
board, in accordance with Criterion 3.
quality information on Blue Flag beaches.
See Appendix D for a recommendation for presenting waterThe transition period
In going from the old to the new bathing water criteria, existing Blue Flag beaches are required to
submit a sampling history based on the results obtained during the past four seasons and
processing the dataset using the 95th percentile calculation. Two possible scenarios arise:
1.
calculation method. If the beach meets the rest of the criteria, the beach is sent directly to
the Jury for evaluation.
The calculation shows that the beach meets compliance both with the old as well as the new2.
despite being approved for the Blue Flag in the previous season(s). In this case, the
International Jury will give a dispensation from compliance with the 95th percentile if the
beach complies with the previous calculation method. These beaches have a maximum of
four years to achieve compliance with the 95th percentile. Applications from this type of
beaches must be submitted to the International Jury as a dispensation case.
Should a beach not meet compliance of the 95th percentile after the four-year transition period, the
beach must apply as if it was a new beach.
The new bathing water criteria must be implemented by the 2012 Blue Flag season.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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The calculation shows that the beach does not meet compliance with the 95th percentileCriterion 9. No industrial, waste-water or sewage-related discharges should affect the
beach area.
A bathing water profile must be compiled for every Blue Flag beach. A bathing water profile
includes identification of potential sources of pollution, a description of the physical, geographical
and hydrological characteristics of the bathing water, as well as assessment of the potential for
cyanobacteria and algae formation.
11
It is recommended that there should not be any discharge of industrial, urban wastewater or
sewage-related discharges into the Blue Flag area or immediate buffer zone/surrounding area. In
the event that there are discharge points in the area of the beach, these must be documented at the
time of application.
Where identified, combined sewage overflow discharges or other urban/industrial waste water
discharges are within, or immediately adjacent to, the proposed award area, information to warn
the public that there is an intermittent discharge which could, in the short term, impact the bathing
water quality must be provided.
The collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater in the community must meet national/
international standards and comply with national/international legislation. For the countries in EU,
there are requirements for the treatment and effluent quality given in the EU Urban Waste Water
Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). A number of new EU countries have been granted dispensation
from the EU Directive. Regardless of national/ international standards and legislation, this
waste-water or any discharges must not negatively affect the environment or compromise the water
quality standards of a Blue Flag beach.
Regarding industrial pollution, notification must be given about industrial facilities and plants in the
vicinity of the beaches stating their likely influence on the environment. Moreover, the appropriate
authorities must confirm in writing that the area is being monitored to ascertain the environmental
impacts of nearby industrial facilities and confirm that the facilities do not pose a public health risk
or environmental hazard.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 10. The beach must comply with the Blue Flag requirements for the
microbiological parameter Escherichia coli (faecal coli bacteria) and intestinal enterococci
(streptococci)
The microbiological parameters to be monitored are given below. Blue Flag limit values are the
same for freshwater as for marine waters
1.Parameter Limit values
Escherichia coli (Faecal
Colibacteria )
250 cfu/100 ml
Intestinal Enterococci
(streptococci)
100 cfu/100 ml
·
cfu = colony forming units (of bacteria)Accepted percentile:
For the evaluation of an applicant beach the Blue Flag programme requires 95 percentile
compliance of the above limit values. This is in accordance with the EU Bathing Water Directive
1
salinity of water and it can therefore be difficult to make a clear distinction of whether the bathing water can be
regarded as marine or freshwater. Basing the standards on water limit values ensures a precautionary
approach to human health on Blue Flag beaches.
WHO recommends setting common standards for the two, seeing that rivers and other factors affect the12
2006 as well as the recommendation of the World Health Organisation. The percentile has to be
calculated for each parameter and also met for each parameter. For example, if the 95
is below the limit values for Escherichiacoli but not for Intestinal Enterococci then the beach cannot
be awarded with the Blue Flag.
th percentileDetails on how to calculate the 95th percentile can be found in Appendix F
spreadsheet, however, is available on the internal pages of the Blue Flag homepage as per
January 2010. All bathing water sample results should be entered into the spreadsheet and the
percentiles will be calculated automatically. This sheet should be sent to the International
Coordination with the application.
For EU countries implementing the Blue Flag it is imperative that an applicant beach is classified as
being 'Excellent'.
As stated previously, discounting of a sample may be considered in case of extreme (weather)
conditions. Should this be necessary, applicant beaches must be sent in as dispensation cases.
. A calculationSee Appendix A for further details on dispensation cases.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 11. The beach must comply with the Blue Flag requirements for the following
physical and chemical parameters.
Water quality can also be affected by physical and chemical parameters such as the pH value, oil
and floatables:
·
The pH value range is normally 6 to 9.·
the beach must be monitored for oil and emergency plans should include the required
action to take in case of such pollution.
There must be no oil film visible on the surface of the water and no odour detected. On land·
bottles, containers, glass or any other substance.
Immediate action should be taken if abnormal changes are detected. This includes abnormal
changes in the colour, transparency and turbidity of the water. Should physical and chemical
pollution be detected repeatedly, the Blue Flag must be taken down for the remainder of the
season and the beach will not be eligible for the Blue Flag the following year, unless the applicant
fulfils the conditions for applying as a dispensation case.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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There has to be an absence of floatables such as tarry residues, wood, plastic articles,13
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Criterion 12. The local authority/beach operator should establish a beach management
committee.
The beach management committee should be charged with ensuring compliance with all
environmental management criteria. The committee should consist of all relevant stakeholders at
the local level. Relevant stakeholders could be a local authority representative, hotel manager,
beach manager, lifeguard, educational representative, local NGO, and other stakeholders such as
community representatives, special user groups, etc.
The beach management committee should co-operate with and support the local authority/beach
operator and could institute environmental management systems and conduct environmental
audits of the beach and its facilities.
Where appropriate, a beach management committee may operate over a number of Blue Flag
beaches within a local authority or an area/region, i.e. there is no need for a separate beach
management committee for each individual Blue Flag beach.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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Criterion 13. The local authority/beach operator must comply with all regulations affecting
the location and operation of the beach.
Regulations pertaining to issues relating to coastal zone planning, environmental management,
waste-water legislation, environmental legislation, and others must be met for the beach to receive
and maintain Blue Flag status. The applicant must assure that the facilities and activities under its
responsibility comply with these guidelines and/or regulations. The management of the beach
location, facilities, beach operation and immediate surrounding area must comply with official
development plans and planning regulations. The legislation may include regulations for land-use
planning, sewage/industrial waste effluent discharge, environmental health regulations,
conservation plans, operations licenses and permits, etc.
The location of facilities and use of the beach area and its vicinity must be subject to planning
guidelines.
This includes environmental impact assessments. At the time of application for Blue Flag status,
the applicant authority must provide written evidence from the planning department that all
buildings on the beach meet local building regulations.
Existing beach facilities, construction and other use of the beach and its vicinity must be in
compliance with
laws regulating the use of the coastal zone or freshwater areas, including environmental
conservation regulations. The back beach area including dunes, paths, and parking areas must be
properly maintained according to coastal zone management principles.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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14
Criterion 14. The beach must be clean.
The beach and surrounding areas including paths, parking areas and access paths to the beach
must be clean and maintained at all times. Litter should not be allowed to accumulate causing these
areas to become unsightly or hazardous.
The beach must comply with national guidelines or legislation concerning litter and waste
management. Beach cleaning may be mechanical or manual, depending on the size, appearance,
and sensitivity of the beach and its surroundings. In high use areas, where possible, occasional
mechanical sieving and deep cleaning of the sand should be done to remove small particles such
as cigarette butts, etc.
During storm water flows, the outlets and surrounding areas must be kept clean.
When cleaning the beach, this must be done with consideration for local flora and fauna, e.g. where
turtles may have buried eggs in the sand. The use of insecticides or chemicals for cleaning the
sand or surrounding environment is not allowed. For information about the management of algal
waste and seaweed, refer to criterion 15.
To determine the cleanliness level of the beach, it is recommended that a Beach Litter Measuring
system, or similar system, be used. (
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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See Appendix G for further details).Criterion 15. Algae vegetation or natural debris should be left on the beach.
Algal vegetation is generally accepted as referring to seaweed. Seaweed and other
vegetation/natural debris are natural components of both freshwater and marine ecosystems.
These ecosystems must be considered as living and natural environments and not only as a
recreational asset to be kept tidy. Thus, the management of seaweed or other vegetation/natural
detritus on the shore should be sensitive to both visitor needs and biodiversity. Natural disposal by
tides and waves at the beach is accepted, as long as it does not present a nuisance.
Vegetation should not be allowed to accumulate to the point where it becomes a hazard. Only if it is
absolutely necessary should vegetation be removed, and then consideration should be given to
disposing of it in an environmentally-friendly way, e.g. through composting or for fertilizer use.
Wherever possible, environmental specialists should be consulted regarding the management of
algal vegetation on the beach.
In some areas seaweed is dried on the beach for later use as fertilizer or dune stabiliser. While this
good practice should not be discouraged it is also necessary to ensure that it does not create a
nuisance for beach users.
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15
Criterion 16. Waste disposal bins/containers must be available at the beach in adequate
numbers and they must be regularly maintained.
Waste disposal bins or litter-bins (preferably with covers) should be of a suitable design and
appearance as well as functionality. It is recommended that bins made of environmentally friendly
products are used, e.g. bins made of recycled composite plastics or wood.
There should be an adequate number of bins on the beach and they should all be regularly
maintained, well secured, and spaced appropriately. Individual bin capacity, the number of users
on the beach and how frequently the bins are emptied determine the number and minimum space
between bins placed on the beach. During the peak tourist season, the spacing between bins and
the frequency at which they are emptied should be increased as necessary.
In summary, when choosing and locating bins, the following factors should be considered:
- Bin capacity
- Environmentally friendly products
- Type and source of litter
- Volume of pedestrian traffic
- Servicing methods and intervals (including peak times)
- Local environment, e.g. winds, high tides, scavenging seagulls
- Accessibility, e.g. height, surface
The collected waste should only be disposed of in licensed facilities that are approved by
authorities on the basis of environmental requirements. The duty of the community receiving the
Blue Flag is to make sure that the waste is properly disposed.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
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Criterion 17. Facilities for the separation of recyclable waste materials should be available
at the beach.
In the event that the community has a local recycling facility then containers must be made
available at the beach for these materials, e.g. glass, cans, plastic, paper, etc. The receptacles
should be properly designed and managed for the type of waste received, should be emptied
regularly, and be well placed for accessibility.
The recycling facilities should accommodate the collection and separation of as many different
types of materials as possible.
On application, the local authority/beach operator must indicate whether the local authority has
facilities for the recycling of waste. In the event that no such facilities exist, the applicant must apply
for a dispensation from this criterion.
Blue Flag encourages all local authorities/beach operators to promote recycling and waste
separation at the beach, even if the community does not have a local recycling facility.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
16
Criterion 18. An adequate number of toilet or restroom facilities must be provided.
The number of toilets/restrooms available at the beach must reflect the average number of beach
visitors during the peak season, the length of the beach and the number and location of major
access points.
The toilet or restroom facilities must be easy to locate through signage and through information on
the map on the Blue Flag information board.
The presence of showers (on the beach or in the buildings), changing rooms and nappy changing
facilities are furthermore encouraged. Restrooms/toilets may also be located in nearby shops,
restaurants, cafeterias or other establishments open to the general public. There should also be
facilities provided for disabled visitors (see criterion 32).
Toilet or restrooms facilities must be equipped with washbasins, soap and clean towels (paper or
cloth) or a hand-dryer.
Access to the toilet/restroom facilities must be safe.
Consideration should also be given to the design and maintenance of these facilities. They should
be
well-integrated within the built and natural environment and they must be regularly maintained so
as to present a well-maintained appearance and to prevent vandalism of buildings.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 19. The toilet or restroom facilities must be kept clean.
The toilet/restroom facilities must be kept clean at all times. The frequency of checking and
cleaning the facilities must reflect the intensity of use. Beaches with a high number of daily visitors
must have their facilities checked and cleaned every day or several times a day.
The use of environmentally friendly cleaning materials, soap and towels is recommended.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 20. The toilet or restroom facilities must have controlled sewage disposal.
Sewage or effluent from the toilets must not enter the ground or the water untreated. In villages,
communities, or in a municipality with sewage treatment facilities, the toilet facilities must be
connected to the municipal sewer.
For facilities located outside of areas serviced by the municipal sewage system and/or remotely
located beaches, individual treatment and regularly emptied holding tanks that prevent untreated
sewage, effluent or seepage from entering the ground or the water - and which do not adversely
affect the environment - are acceptable.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
17
Criterion 21. On the beach there will be no unauthorised camping or driving and no
dumping.
Unauthorised camping, driving and dumping must be prohibited on the beach. There must be
information about these restrictions displayed at the beach (as part of the code of conduct, Criterion
6).
Vehicles (except for those used for the purpose of cleaning and safety, e.g. for moving lifeguard
equipment, or emergency vehicles) should not be allowed on Blue Flag beaches. For cases,
however, where vehicles cannot be entirely prohibited, it must be adequately justified and they
must be properly managed. Areas for driving and parking as well as car-free zones must be
designated and whenever the situation requires it, police or traffic guards must control the beach. If
vehicles are allowed they should be prohibited from entering the high water zone at any time. The
majority of the beach should be designated entirely vehicle-free.
Where there are no physical barriers preventing access to the beach by vehicles and where there
are problems with unauthorised vehicles, camping or dumping, bylaws should be put in place to
prohibit these activities. Information about these by-laws should be displayed. The use of the beach
or its nearby areas as dumps for litter and other waste is not accepted.
In the case of special events that involve the use of vehicles on the beach a special management
plan must be drawn up and applied to prevent damage to the ecosystem, as well as risks to beach
users.
See Appendix H for guidelines on events on Blue Flag beaches.Parking for emergency vehicles must be provided in close proximity to the beach.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 22. Access to the beach by dogs and other domestic animals must be strictly
controlled.
On Blue Flag beaches, dogs and pets are permitted in the parking areas, on walkways and
promenades in the back beach area only - if permitted by the beach authorities as well as local and
national legislation. Animals in these areas must be controlled. It is recommended that a Dog-Free
Zone be created to prevent dogs and other animals from entering the main beach and swimming
area - this excludes guides dogs for the visually impaired.
If the beach is patrolled by mounted police measures must be taken to ensure that no faecal matter
contaminates the beach.
Wherever possible stray animals should be managed and systems should be in place to remove
stray animals from the beach. Measures should also be put in place to prevent access to the beach
by stray animals. In the event that stray animals are able to access the beach and cannot be
controlled, it is recommended that the beach operator/local authority erect signs informing the
public as to this fact. It is also recommended that information be displayed informing the public what
to do should stray animals be seen on the beach.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
18
Criterion 23. All buildings and beach equipment must be properly maintained
Consideration should be given to the appearance of buildings and structures at the beach. They
should be well integrated within the natural and built environment, should adhere to design
standards and meet environmental and aesthetic requirements.
Equipment on the beach includes facilities or services not discussed in any other criteria, e.g.
playgrounds and piers. Equipment must be regularly maintained and checked in order to ensure
that it is safe to use. Consideration should be given to: the cleanliness of equipment, its condition,
the environmental effects of paint and other materials used for maintaining the equipment/buildings
and any potential risk associated with its deterioration and malfunction. Wherever possible,
environmentally friendly products should be used.
To prevent access by the public, all construction work or hazardous structures must be fenced off.
In the event that construction takes place during the Blue Flag season, all Blue Flag criteria must be
met during the period of the construction. Also, the construction activities should not impact on
beach users.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 24. Coral reefs in the vicinity of the beach must be monitored.
If there is a coral reef located within 500 metres from any part of a Blue Flag beach, a monitoring
programme must be established to monitor the health of the coral reef at least once a season.
The “Reef Check” Coral Reef Monitoring Program could be used.
details of the Reef Check monitoring system.
See Appendix H for furtherIMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions where applicable.
Criterion 25. A sustainable means of transportation should be promoted in the beach area.
This criterion refers to all actions that
- encourage public and collective transport.
- encourage bicycling, bike renting and facilities for bike parking.
-
- develop pedestrian access.
The Blue Flag programme encourages the promotion of alternative means of transportation, e.g.
beach shuttles, bicycle rental or free bicycles. Such initiatives should be given particular attention in
communities with high traffic densities in the beach area or where the beach is located in a
sensitive area.
It is recommended that the local authority/beach operator implements a traffic management plan to
reduce traffic volumes and the impact of traffic on land use and air pollution in the Blue Flag and
surrounding areas.
It is also recommended that information about the availability of sustainable transportation be made
available on the Blue Flag information board.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
support plans to organise traffic and reduce the peak traffic periods.19
SAFETY AND SERVICES
Criterion 26. An adequate number of lifeguards and/or lifesaving equipment must be
available at the beach.
It is recommended that the local authority undertake an official risk assessment of the beach
(carried out by the appropriate national authority or body of expertise), and that an appropriate
response strategy to the assessment be put in place. FEE is currently working with the International
Lifesaving Federation (ILS) to put in place an appropriate system for Blue Flag beaches
planned that all Blue Flag beaches will require a risk assessment from 2012.
The provision of lifesaving personnel/equipment at a beach should be seen as only one element of
an overall strategy that includes information and education.
The presence of lifeguards at a Blue Flag beach is recommended in order to increase the safety
level at the beach, especially where there are a high number of beach visitors. There must be an
adequate number of lifeguards (a minimum of two) placed at appropriate intervals (not more than
200m recommended) according to the beach characteristics and use. The number of lifeguards
must increase according to peak usage.
Lifeguards must have appropriate national or international qualifications. Certificates must be
checked prior to employment and must be made available to the National Operator on request.
Lifeguards should only be employed for lifeguarding and not in combination with duties such as
water sports, rentals and services, cleaning or other duties.
Lifeguards must be easily recognisable. It is therefore recommended that lifeguards wear the
internationally recognised red/yellow uniform. Lifeguards must be provided with appropriate
lifesaving equipment.
Bathing areas patrolled by lifeguards should be clearly marked out. The area should be defined on
the map, at information points and/or physically on the beach with markers or flags. The following
recognised flag zoning can be recommended: red = do not swim when red flag is present,
red/yellow = swim in the lifeguard patrolled areas, black/white chequered flags = surfing and
water-craft zone only (unless another national flag zoning system already exists).
On beaches with low hazard risks and with few users, lifesaving equipment can replace lifeguards.
Lifesaving equipment could include: life buoys, torpedo buoys, hooks, life vests, life rafts, etc. The
lifesaving equipment must include access to an emergency phone. The equipment should be
regularly inspected and must fulfil national/international guidelines.
Where lifesaving equipment is provided, it should be clearly positioned, visible and located at
regular intervals allowing it to be reached quickly from any point on the beach. On beaches without
lifeguards, maximum intervals of 100 metres between the equipment are recommended. Lifesaving
equipment must be accompanied by instructions for use and what to do in the event of a rescue.
The period when the lifesaving equipment and/or lifeguards, and first aid are available must be
clearly marked on the Blue Flag information boards or at the lifeguard station. An explanation of the
emergency flag system in use must be provided.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
. It is20
Criterion 27. First aid equipment must be available on the beach.
The first aid may be available by means of a) a lifeguard on site, and/or b) an attended first aid
station with trained personnel, and/or c) equipment located in a shop or other beach facilities at the
beach, and/or d) directly available to the public on the beach. It is strongly recommended that busy
beaches and family beaches have first-aid stations with staff in attendance. First-aid personnel
must have appropriate qualifications.
First aid stations should have the following equipment a) adequate first aid stock (basic first aid
supplies such as bandages, gloves, disinfectant, plasters, etc.) b) cold water and preferably hot
water c) first aid bed d) oxygen cylinder and mask e) immobilizing trauma board (e.g. immobilizing
blocks or spider harness) f) other equipment (shark attack pack), etc.
First-aid stations or the location of first-aid equipment must be clearly sign-posted for easy location
by beach visitors (including on the map on the Blue Flag information board). See Criterion 5. In
addition, the time in which first aid is available must be clearly informed.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 28. Emergency plans to cope with pollution risks must be in place.
The emergency plan should cover a clearly identified procedure, facilitating efficiency in the case of
an emergency. An emergency could result from oil spills, hazardous/toxic waste spills entering the
beach from the sea, discharge of storm water, hurricanes, algal blooms that could be dangerous,
etc. An emergency in this context would be defined as an event which leads to a large scale impact
on the beach or bathing water.
In order to quickly address pollution at the local level in co-ordination with local authorities, the
following
should be included. The:
- identification of people to contact in case of pollution.
- involvement of all administration services and people necessary to intervene.
- procedure for the protection or evacuation of people if necessary.
- procedure of public warning and information.
- withdrawal of the Blue Flag.
The emergency plan must specify who should be contacted in the case of a pollution incident. A
responsible local person must be designated for this position. It must also specify who does what in
the case of an emergency, including pollution incidents.
The emergency plan must furthermore prove the compliance with other national legislation in the
area, e.g. a national oil spill contingency plan.
As long as the hazard persists, the public should be informed of the pollution or potential danger by
posting information at the beach, at all access points, in the media, tourist offices or other relevant
means of communication. If the hazard is in the form of large scale polluted water then the public
must be informed that bathing is not safe and the beach should be closed to swimming. If there is
any infringement of Blue Flag criteria, and to ensure the integrity of the Blue Flag, the flag must be
temporarily withdrawn and information posted on the Blue Flag information board or at the beach.
Emergency phone numbers for the police, first aid, and relevant emergency numbers along with
21
the contact details for emergency services, in the event of an oil or toxic chemical spill must be
posted at the beach preferably on the Blue Flag information board.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 29. There must be management of different users and uses of the beach so as to
prevent conflicts and accidents.
Beaches that support multiple activities must have management plans to prevent accidents and
conflicts. This must include zoning for swimmers, surfers, wind surfers and motor craft. At the same
time, recreational use of the beach must be managed without negatively impacting the natural
environment, the biodiversity of the beach and with consideration for aesthetic issues.
Swimmers should be protected from all sea craft (motor, sail or pedal). Where necessary, zoning
through the use of buoys, beacon or signs should be in place. The same should be done for surfing
areas. Distinctions should be made between motor craft, paddle or sail craft. The use of these
various activities must be separated.
Powerboats and powered craft should operate at least 100-200 metres away from the swimming
area. The exact distance is to be determined by the local regulatory agency. Furthermore, patrons
who operate powered craft should be provided with guidelines for the use of their craft and the
location of different zones.
The relevant authority, for example lifeguards, must enforce the zoning of the different recreational
areas in the water. Different activities on the beach must also be clearly marked and zoned.
Consideration should also be given to potential noise impacts from some activities (motorised
activities, stereos and kites).
If special events are to be held on the beach then these should be located outside of the main
swimming areas. In the case that special activity events prevent the beach from upholding the Blue
Flag criteria, then the flag must be withdrawn for the duration of the event. When such an event
takes place, users of the beach should be notified through public warnings at the beach and
preferably in the local media prior to the event.
Flag beaches.
See Appendix I for guidelines for events on BlueThe beach itself must be managed in accordance with an environmental plan that protects
sensitive species and habitats at the beach. This can be achieved through zoning or other
preventative actions. In some cases, it may be necessary to restrict, disperse or otherwise manage
certain activities. Beaches with sensitive dune habitats must be managed in such a way to protect
these sensitive habitats, e.g. protective fences. Recreational activities must be managed to prevent
environmental degradation, e.g. coastal erosion or damage to vegetation as well as to prevent
birds and other wildlife, e.g. breeding turtles, from being disturbed.
Some particularly sensitive sites may require careful planning and management. In such cases,
evidence must be provided to show that recognised local conservation organisations or groups
have been approached and that a management plan has been drawn up.
Besides the use of physical separation of the different users, zoning should be clearly indicated on
the map
22
on the Blue Flag information board and information could also be given at access and entry points
(see Criterion 5).
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 30. There must be safety measures in place to protect users of the beach.
The public must have access to Blue Flag beaches without being a client of a certain hotel or beach
club. Access to the beach should preferably be free, although at some beaches public access is
provided through charging a small and reasonable fee.
Access to the beach must be safe. Beaches that are physically challenging must have facilities for
safe access, e.g. secured steps with handrails. Similarly, there should be designated pedestrian
crossings on busy roads in the vicinity of the beach.
Beach promenades and steps onto the beach must be complete and in good condition. The car
park surface must be in good order. Parking places reserved for the use of disabled persons must
be available and must be clearly marked. See Criterion 21 for information related to parking on the
beach. Other access paths must also be safe, with regulations for cars and bicycles. Bicycle paths
should be encouraged whenever relevant.
Where promenade edges are higher than 2 metres above the beach, warning signs and/or a barrier
must be in place to prevent accidents. This is especially important where the beach surface is
rocky. Consult criteria 32 regarding access for people with physical disabilities.
Visitors to the beach should be safe while on the beach. Information about safety must be readily
available. The times of availability of lifesaving services and first aid must be clearly marked on the
Blue Flag information boards or at the lifeguard station. In addition, an explanation of the
emergency flag system, if in use, must be provided.
If needed, adequate security must be available at the beach in the form of trained and qualified
guards responsible for patrolling. The guards must wear easily identified uniforms and should be
able to present their licence as trained security personnel on request.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 31. A supply of drinking water should be available at the beach
There should be a potable water source at the beach, e.g. from a fountain, pipe, tap, etc. This
source can be in the restroom/toilet block or on the beachfront but it must be protected from
contamination by animals.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 32. At least one Blue Flag beach in each municipality must have access and
23
facilities provided for the physically disabled.
It is strongly recommended that all Blue Flag beaches have facilities that allow access by the
physically disabled granting them access to the beach, surrounding buildings, and the restroom
facilities. It is a Blue Flag requirement that at least one beach in every municipality must provide
these facilities. It is a Blue Flag recommendation that at this beach, if possible, there is access to
the water.
Access to the beach should be facilitated by access ramps adapted to users with various
disabilities. It is recommended that the ramp design and material fit the natural environment and
wherever possible, environmentally friendly materials should be used, i.e. recycled composite
plastics.
Facilities should be designed for wheelchair and other disabled users and should comply with the
ISO Standard Code for Access. The beach must comply with national regulations regarding access
and facilities for people with disabilities. In addition, parking areas should have reserved spaces for
disabled parking. In the event that access ramps cannot be provided due to the topography, e.g. at
steep cliffs, the local authority must apply for a dispensation for this criterion.
If none of the Blue Flag beaches in a local authority can provide access and facilities for the
disabled, a request for a dispensation from this criterion must be documented in the application.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
24
APPENDIX A: Dispensation cases
All imperative criteria have to be complied with in order to obtain the Blue Flag. In the event of
discussions arising out of the National Jury processes and if an applicant has failed to fulfil the
imperative criteria, the National Jury could forward a beach to the International Jury as a
dispensation case. In the case of an application requiring a dispensation, the National Jury must
forward the case to the International Jury with the necessary background documentation and an
explanation as to what imperative criteria have not been fulfilled and giving reasons as to why a
dispensation is requested.
Dispensation cases may arise when a beach has exceeded the required limit values because of a
known, documented incident during the bathing season. Dispensation cases argued on the basis of
incidents considered unusual but not atypical of the site are not considered.
The most frequent request for dispensation is caused by exceptional/extreme weather conditions
impacting on compliance with the water quality criteria. A National Jury can in such cases give a
dispensation to omit a sample if the national authority’s controlling bathing water quality regulation
has officially approved such a dispensation. Furthermore, an official statement from national
weather authorities stating that the weather was exceptional must accompany the request for
dispensation.
For EU-member countries: if the request for dispensation of omission of a sample has been
approved by the European Commission, and written proof of the European Commissions’ approval
is provided to the International Coordination, then the case is not considered as a dispensation
case.
If an incident of high levels of pollution can be attributed by way of documentary evidence to other
issues, such as an accident or another unavoidable incident, it is also possible to forward to the
National Jury such a candidate as a dispensation case. The documentation must show that the
problem has been rectified and that the pollution was undoubtedly linked to the incident in question
.A beach can apply for dispensation when:
-
of the season.
facilities are under construction at the time of the application but will be finished by the start-
e.g. signage or walkways, access to the beach has been damaged, etc. However, these
must be in place by the start of the season.
owing to extreme weather conditions, the imperative criteria on the beach not being met,-
authority to run the Blue Flag programme. The beach must present a plan for how and when
the beach can fulfil the criterion as a central part of the dispensation application.
a beach is not accessible by the physically disabled yet it is the only beach in a local-
imperative criterion, e.g. an accredited laboratory.
the location of the beach is such that the distance from services renders it unable to meet an25
APPENDIX B: Information about the Blue Flag programme must be displayed.
[Criterion 1]
THE BLUE FLAG PROGRAMME
This beach has been given Blue Flag accreditation. The Blue Flag is an environmental award,
given to communities that make a special effort to manage their coastal/inland water environment
and beaches with respect for the local environment and nature. To attain the Blue Flag, the
community and its beach operators have to fulfil a number of criteria covering water quality,
environmental information and education, safety, service and facilities.
This effort by the local community ensures that you and your family can expect to visit clean and
safe environments at selected bathing sites. And it makes sure that the local community maintains
a basis for sound development.
Facts about the Blue Flag:
The Blue Flag is awarded by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), a
non-governmental environmental organisation and is represented by such national organisations in
each of the participating countries.
The Blue Flag is an environmental award for beaches and marinas. Only local authorities or private
beach operators can apply for a Blue Flag for beaches. The criteria for Blue Flag beaches cover
four main areas: a) Water quality, b) Environmental information and education, c) Environmental
management, and d) Safety and services.
The criteria of the Programme are developed over time, so that participating communities have to
keep working on solving relevant environmental problems to get the Blue Flag. Blue Flag
accreditation is only given for one season at a time and the award is only valid as long as the criteria
are fulfilled. When this is not the case, the responsible persons at the local level are obligated to
take the Blue Flag down.
The national FEE organisation checks the Blue Flag sites during the season.
You can help the Programme by also taking actions to protect the environment:
Use the litter-bins on the beach - and recycle waste if possible
Use public transport, walk or rent a bike to get to the beach
Obey the beach code of conduct
Enjoy the nature of the beach and its surroundings, and treat it with respect
Choose a holiday destination that cares for its environment - and an environmentally friendly hotel
too, if possible.
Local, National and International Blue Flag responsible parties:
Name and address of the local responsible person, national Blue Flag operator and the
International Co-ordination must be posted.
Text to accompany the names and addresses could be the following: “These are the names and
addresses of the local, national and international Blue Flag contacts. It will assist the programme, if
you could report on how these beaches comply with the Blue Flag standards. In this way you can
help ensure that the Blue Flag standard continues to be met.”
26
APPENDIX C: Guidelines for Environmental Education Activities. [Criterion 2]
Types of Activities
There must be a mixture of different types of environmental educational activities for different user
groups, Some activities must be carried out at the beach and have a direct focus on the beach or
coastal environment. The different types of activities can be divided into five categories:
Activities for Passive Participation: This could include exhibitions, films, presentations, slide shows,
conferences, debates, presentations by international experts, etc.
Activities for Active Participation: This includes guided tours, educational games, theatre/plays,
cleaning
days, coast observation days for marine beaches, diving/snorkeling orientation sessions, beach
inspections, photography or drawing contests, nature reconstruction projects, green technology
projects, “Adopt a Beach” programmes, community coastal monitoring programmes, etc.
Training Activities: This could be training for teachers, beach or marina staff, people in charge of
children groups, lifeguards, cleaners, law enforcement officers, specific national training
programmes, etc.
Publishing and Media: The production of leaflets, stickers, interpretive signs, postcards, school and
municipal newsletters, books, T-shirts, bags, posters, radio broadcasts, etc.
Blue Flag Environmental Information Centre: It is strongly recommended that Blue Flag beaches
provide an
Environmental Information Centre (station, kiosk), where specific information about Blue Flag and
environmental education issues can be given. Such a centre or place must offer both activities and
exhibitions and provide environmental and nature information in order to qualify as an
environmental interpretation or education centre. Information about its location and activities must
be provided at the beach or in nearby tourist information offices. The centre should be open to and
have activities and information for the general public, not only local school children.
Target groups
The activities should target a wide range of different groups. It is important that the local authority,
together with other operators in the area, organise a programme to educate and raise awareness
within the many different interest groups that influence the use of the local environment. These
interest groups could be visitors, locals, tourism employees, fishermen, local industries, etc.
The types, amounts and target groups of activities should match the situation. For example, in a
major tourist destination, more than one activity per season should be available to the general
public.
Connection with existing programmes
The activities can be part of already existing environmental education programmes, held either
on-site or in the local community (Local Agenda 21 activities, Eco-Schools activities, etc). It is also
recommended that the local authority work together with local NGOs in setting up educational
activities.
27
Information about Activities
Information about the publicly accessible activities must be made available at the beach and
preferably also in tourism newspapers or magazines or posted in tourism offices. The published
information should include: what kind of activities, when and where are they going to take place,
who they are for, etc.
Not Acceptable
Activities that are not acceptable for meeting this criterion are:
Activities that are done to meet other Blue Flag criteria such as the general cleaning of the beach,
waste management, recycling, and posted environmental information otherwise required on the
information board (i.e. information on surrounding sensitive environments), etc.
Activities focusing only on tourism without a specific focus on sustainable tourism
Activities otherwise done by the local authority as part of the standard management of health,
safety,
transportation or tourism
28
APPENDIX D: Recommendations for presenting water quality information on Blue Flag
beaches. [Criterion 3]
Beach:___________________ Local authority:___________________
Contact person:___________ Telephone no:____________________
Date
Escherichiacoli / Faecal coliform
J
< 250cfu/100ml
K
>250cfu/100 ml
Intestinal Enterococci / Faecal streptococci
J
<100/100 ml
K
>100/100 ml
Blue Flag and bathing water quality
This beach has met the Blue Flag water
quality standards. The bathing water is
continuously monitored for the different
types of bacteria shown in the tables.
The bathing water is tested at least
every 30 days. In the table you can see
when the water has been analysed and
how many bacteria were found.
A small number of bacteria tell you that
the water is very clean - a high number
of bacteria tell you that the water may be
polluted and could contain bacteria from
sewage.
What do the results mean?
Faecal coliform /
E.coli
Faecal
streptococci /
Intestinal
enterococci
J
Below 250
J
Below 100
Excellent bathing water
K K
Above 250 Above 100
Is allowed a few times during the season
29
APPENDIX E: Bathing water criteria 2009
These are the 2009 bathing water criteria. They can be used by the countries who still have not
implemented the new 2010 bathing water criteria. Please note that the 2010 bathing water criteria
have to be implemented by 2012 at the latest.
Criterion 7. The beach must fully comply with the water quality sampling and frequency
requirements.
A Blue Flag beach must have at least one sampling site and this must be located where the
concentration of bathers is highest. In addition, where there are potential sources of pollution, e.g.
near streams, rivers or other inlets, storm water outlets, etc. additional samples must be taken at
these sites to provide evidence that such inflows do not affect bathing water quality.
Samples for microbiological and physical–chemical parameters must be taken.
Similarly, in the case of inland waters, where the water is supplemented by outside sources during
dry periods, the water quality of the outside source must meet the Blue Flag bathing water quality
standards.
Samples should be taken 30 cm below the water surface except for the mineral oil samples that
should be taken at surface level.
How often a sample must be taken?
The first sample must be taken within 5-17 days before the starting date of the Blue Flag season
(pre-season sample). Sampling must then continue throughout the Blue Flag season and there
must not be more than 17 days between any of the samples.
The Blue Flag programme does not accept applications from beaches where, irrespective of the
length of the Blue Flag season, less than five samples have been taken, i.e. a minimum of 5
samples must be taken during the season.
The last sample must be taken within 17 days before the last day of the Blue Flag season.
When the sample results raise concerns of a possible increase in levels of pollution, it is
recommended to temporarily increase the sampling frequency in order to track any possible
pollution incidents. Extra samples can furthermore be useful when the local authority wants to
apply for omission of a sample (
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
see Appendix A on dispensation cases).Criterion 8. The beach must fully comply with the standards and requirements for water
quality analysis.
An independent person officially authorised and trained for the task must collect the samples.
An independent laboratory must carry out the analysis of the bathing water samples. The
laboratory must be nationally or internationally accredited to carry out microbiological and
physical-chemical analyses.
30
In the event that the sampler or the laboratory is not independent, at the time of application a
dispensation must be requested and details provided as to why this is required, e.g. in some cases,
beaches are substantial distances away from the services necessary to meet this requirement.
Methods of analysis:
In the interest of increased quality and comparability of the bathing water quality data used for the
evaluation of candidates for the Blue Flag, FEE finds that methods of analysis that ensure a certain
trueness, reproducibility, repeatability and comparability between methods should be used. FEE
follows European (CEN) or International (ISO) standards in its recommendations regarding
parameters and
acceptable methods of analysis. The geometric mean calculation method can alternatively be used
instead of the standard Blue Flag method (see maximum values below).
Water quality results must be given to the National Operator as soon as they are made available
but not later than one month after the sample has been taken.
The water quality results for the previous season must also accompany all applications. In order to
be eligible for the Blue Flag, the beach must exhibit - through these reports - that the bathing water
quality standards were met in the previous season.
The water quality information must also be posted on the Blue Flag information board.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
Criterion 9. No industrial, waste-water or sewage-related discharges should affect the
beach area.
It is recommended that there should not be any discharge of industrial, urban wastewater or
sewage-related discharges into the Blue Flag area or immediate buffer zone/surrounding area. In
the event that there are discharge points in the area of the beach or buffer zone, these must not
affect the bathing water quality and the location of these points must be reported on at the time of
application.
The collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater in the community must meet national/
international standards and comply with national/international legislation. For the countries in EU,
there are requirements for the treatment and effluent quality given in the EU Urban Waste Water
Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). A number of new EU countries have been granted dispensation
from the EU Directive. Regardless of national/ international standards and legislation, this
waste-water or any discharges must not negatively affect the environment or compromise the water
quality standards of a Blue Flag beach.
Regarding industrial pollution, notification must be given about industrial facilities and plants in the
vicinity of the beaches stating their likely influence on the environment. Moreover, the appropriate
authorities must confirm in writing that the area is being monitored to ascertain the environmental
impacts of nearby industrial facilities and confirm that the facilities do not pose a public health risk
or environmental hazard.
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
31
Criterion 10. The beach must fully comply with the Blue Flag requirements for the
microbiological parameter faecal colibacteria (E.coli) and faecal enterococci/streptococci.
Microbiological parameters:
The microbiological parameters to be monitored and the quality standards for each region are
given below.
At any occasion that the bathing water quality exceeds the limit values, it is strongly recommended
that another sample is taken immediately for reference. It is also recommended that both the
original result and the result of the extra sample be included in the reporting.
If the bathing water quality exceeds the required limit values more often than is allowed in one
season (see the accepted percentage test results permissible), the Blue Flag must be withdrawn
for the remainder of the Blue Flag season. In cases where this occurs, the beach will not be eligible
for Blue Flag status the following year, unless the applicant fulfils the conditions for applying as a
dispensation case.
See Appendix A for further details on dispensation cases.Parameter
Faecal Colibacteria (E. coli)
Limit values Accepted % test results higher than
limit values
Europe & Mediterranean
and
2000cfu/100 ml
20%
5%
100cfu/100 mlSouthern and Eastern Africa and
Oceania
100cfu/100 ml 20%
Canada and North America
100cfu/100 ml 20%Caribbean and South Pacific
(Geom. Mean
33.7/100 ml)
25%
100cfu/100 mlSouth America
100cfu/100 ml 20%Parameter
Faecal Enterococci/streptococci
Limit values Accepted % test results higher
than limit values
Europe & Mediterranean
100cfu/100 ml 10 %Southern and Eastern Africa and
Oceania
50cfu/100 ml 25%
Canada and North America
35cfu/100 ml 20%Caribbean and South Pacific
40cfu/100 ml(Geom. Mean
13.5/100 ml)
25%
South America
IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
50cfu/100ml 25%32
Criterion 11. The beach must fully comply with the Blue Flag requirements for the
following physical-chemical parameters.
As listed below, each region has a different set of physical-chemical parameters that must be
monitored. With respect to microbiological parameters, if the bathing water quality exceeds the
required limit values more often than is allowed in one season (see the accepted % test results
higher than the imperative/guideline values), the Blue Flag must be taken down for the remainder
of the season and the beach will not be eligible for the Blue Flag the following year, unless the
applicant fulfils the conditions for applying as a dispensation case.
Parameters Europe & Mediterranean,
and South America
Southern and Eastern
Africa and Oceania
Caribbean and
South Pacific
Imperative
Values
Accepted
% test
results
higher
than limit
value
Imperative
Values
Accepted
% test
results
higher
than limit
value
Imperative
values
Accepted %
test results
higher than
limit value
pH
6 to 9 5 % 6 to 9 5% 6.5 to 8.5 5%Oils
No film visible on the surface and no odour
Land:
The beach must be monitored for such pollution, and emergency plans should cover
response in case of oil pollution.
Municipal land-side sources must also be identified and managed.
Accepted % test results higher than imperative value 5%
Water:Floatables:
tarry residues,
wood, plastic
articles, bottles,
containers,
glass, plastic,
rubber or any
other
substances
Absence of
floatables
10 % Absence of
floatables
5% Absence of
floatables
5%
Transparency/
Turbidity
Secchi depth
> 1m or
“No abnormal
decrease”
when > 1 m
cannot be
respected for
geographical
reasons
10 % -
-
Secchi depth
reading from
the bottom, or
from 3 meters
if bottom is
deeper
5%
Colour
change
5 % - - - -
No abnormalSurface active
substances
< 0.3 mg/L 10 % -
- - -
Phenols
odour
5 % - - - -
No specific33
Parameters Canada and North America
Imperative
Values
Accepted % test results higher than limit value
pH
6.5 to 8.5 5 %Oils
can be detected as a visible film, sheen, or discoloration on the surface
can be detected by odor
can form deposits on shorelines and bottom sediments that are detectable by sight or odor
Accepted % test results higher than imperative value 5%
Oil should not be present in concentrations that:Floatables:
tarry residues,
wood, plastic
articles,
bottles,
containers,
glass, plastic,
rubber or any
other
substances
Absence of
floatables
5 %
Transparency/
Turbidity
Secchi depth
> 1.2 m
Limit of 50
Dephelometric
Turbidity Units
5 %
Colour
change
5 %
No abnormalSurface active
substances
- -
Phenols
- -IMPERATIVE CRITERION GUIDELINE CRITERION
All regions
34
APPENDIX F: the 95th percentile
The 95th percentile is a calculation method used to obtain the average amount of pollution. In terms
of Bathing Water sampling results, the value shows the results that are less than or equal to the
limit values 95% of the time. The standards refer to values that would be exceeded less than 5% of
the time.
The 95th percentile is derived through the following calculation (based on the explanation in the EU
Bathing Water Directive 2006):
1.
Zero values cannot be used and should be replaced by a value of 1 (or the minimum value
allowed)
Take the log10 value of all bacterial enumerations in the data sequence to be evaluated.2.
Calculate the mean of the log10 values (μ)3.
Calculate the standard deviation of the log10 values (σ)4.
The upper 95 percentile is derived from the following equation: antilog (μ + 1,65 σ)5.
A calculating spreadsheet is available on the Blue Flag homepage under the Internal Pages as per
January 2010.
The resulting value must be within the limit values as stated above35
APPENDIX G: Beach Litter Measuring System – a method of mapping the status of litter on
a beach [Criterion 14]
In order to determine the cleanliness on the beach, the Beach Litter Measuring System could be
used by
the beach manager or the national coordinator when doing beach monitoring visits.
The system differentiates between bulky litter (>10cm) and fine litter (<10 cm). It takes a closer look
at the
amount of litter in defined representative areas on the beach. According to the amount of litter,
beaches are
classified into different cleanliness levels (A+ to D). The method combines taking pictures and
making
counts.
At a Blue Flag Beach, the cleanliness level should be A+ or A.
Step by step guidance how to define your beach’s cleanliness level:
Bulky Litter
1. Define an area of 100m2 (10m x 10m) for your bulky litter count and photo (Choose the dirtiest
100m2 that you can find on the beach)
2. Count the units of bulky litter (>10cm) within the area
3. Take a picture of the area (to keep as proof)
4. Determine the cleanliness level with help of the beach litter indicator (see below)
Fine Litter
1. Define an area of 1m2 for your fine litter count and photo (choose the dirtiest area within the
100m2)
2. Count units of fine litter (<10cm) within the area
3. Take a picture of the area (to keep as proof)
4. Determine the cleanliness level with help of the beach litter indicator (see below)
Beach Litter Indicator
General
1. Keep a record of your measurements (date, time, location, circumstances, weather conditions,
cleanliness level(s) bulky litter, cleanliness level(s) fine litter, other comments)
2. Repeat these steps at different locations along the beach if possible
3. Repeat the measurement at different times during a season and different times of the day if
possible
36
It is important to keep in mind that starting to use this system might require a bit of time in the
beginning.
Once you get some exercise or training, it will be a quick, easy and helpful tool.
For a more detailed version of the beach litter indicator, a description of the system, a training CD or
for
taking part in a training session, please visit the Blue Flag website or contact the Blue Flag
Coordination.
----------------
1 The Beach Litter Measuring System was developed by the Keep Holland Tidy Foundation and
the Royal
Dutch Touring Club.
37
APPENDIX H: Reef Check system for coral reef monitoring [Criterion 24]
Below is a very brief description of the content of the “Reef Check” monitoring programme. For full
information about the “Reef Check” system and information about national/international support,
please consult
“Reef Check” is designed for use by volunteer non-scientist snorkelers or scuba divers. A local
“Reef Check” team should be established with a scientist and a group of snorkelers and divers
trained to carry out the analyses. The team members must be skilled at identifying the indicator
organisms and substrate categories. It is strongly recommended that the team attend a “Reef
Check” training session. If there are already “Reef Check” teams established at the national or local
level, these teams can be approached for support.
In order to carry out the monitoring, the following equipment is necessary: a copy of the instruction
manual,
indicator organism ID cards/books, GPS, transect lines, underwater paper and water proof
pencils/markers,
buoys, plumb line and safety gear.
If possible, the monitoring should take place at two depths: shallow water (2-6 metre depth) and
mid-reef (6 - 12 metre depth). Reefs in many areas are however not suitable for monitoring at more
than one depth.
A 100 metre transect should be established (preferably parallel to the shore). The transect must be
divided
into 4 x 20 metre observation areas divided by 4 x 5 metre gaps. For re-survey, it is important to
document or permanently mark the transect start/end points.
The “Reef Check” coral reef monitoring program consists of four types of data collection methods:
1) Site description (environmental conditions and ratings of human impacts) 2) Fish counts
3) Invertebrate counts 4) Substrate type measurements
The site description includes information about: location (overall and exact location), survey time,
nearby
population, weather conditions, rating of human impacts on the coral reef and the possible
protection of the
coral reef. The substrate survey includes the record of the substrate at points with 0.5 meter
intervals along the 4m x 20m transect. The substrate must be classified in one of the following
http://www.reefcheck.org.5 m gap:
No data
collected
5 m gap:
No data
collected
5 m gap:
No data
collected
20 m:
Count
Fish/Invertebrate
20 m:
Count
Fish/Invertebrate
20 m:
Count
Fish/Invertebrate
20 m:
Count
Fish/Invertebrates
100 meters
5 m gap:
No data
collected
5 m
38
categories: hard coral, soft coral, recently killed coral, nutrient indicator algae, sponge, rock, rubble,
sand, silt/clay or other substrate. In the “Reef Check” manual there is more information about how
to conduct the substrate survey and classify the substrate.
The level of coral bleaching, presence of coral disease, presence of litter and coral damage must
be noted.
Each region has different indicator fish and invertebrate species that should be counted along the
4m x 20m transect. In the “Reef Check” website and manual, there is more information about the
fish and invertebrate species to include in the counting and information about how to conduct the
counts. Finally, it is recommended to supplement the survey with photo and/or video
documentation.
39
APPENDIX I: Guidelines for events on Blue Flag beaches [Criterion 29]
Should events be planned for Blue Flag beaches, it is recommended that the local authority/beach
operator attempt to find a win-win situation in both hosting the event and maintaining Blue Flag
status. Events on Blue Flag beaches are not incompatible with the management of the Blue Flag
programme. However, the event should not compromise Blue Flag standards. The Blue Flag
should not be dropped simply because an event is planned on the beach.
The decision to allow events to take place on beaches is ultimately the decision of the local
authority/beach operator managing that facility and would, as such, be guided by local by-laws and
other legislation. Should the local authority be concerned as to potential impacts on Blue Flag
standards, early contact and discussion with the National Operator is recommended. It is reiterated
that it is the responsibility of the local authority to ensure that Blue Flag standards are met.
If necessary, additional resources, e.g. cleaning staff, portable toilets, etc should be brought in to
ensure that the standards do not drop.
Wherever possible, the Blue Flag area should be zoned (this to include the use of buoys – where
appropriate – in the water) so that a designated Blue Flag swimming area is still retained and the
beach can still fly the flag. It is not recommended that the whole beach be designated to the event.
Wherever possible, every attempt should be made to ensure that all the Blue Flag standards are
still met on the beach during the event.
In terms of the criteria of Blue Flag, compliance with all environmental and building legislation also
applies to any events and/or the construction of facilities on the beach. This includes the possibility
of undertaking Environmental Impact Assessments or producing environmental reports on the
impact of the event on the natural surroundings. In this case, permission from the relevant
environmental authorities in the region would be necessary.
The public must be given advance warning of any events planned for Blue Flag beaches. This
could be in the form of posters or other information at the beach, through announcements in the
local media, or on local authority/beach operator websites if appropriate. A notice indicating details
of the event, duration of the event, where more information can be obtained, where complaints can
be made, etc. must be posted at the beach.
In the event of an activity that takes place on the beach after hours, i.e. for those beaches that
withdraw the flag at the end of the day when criterion are no longer being met, the beach
operator/local authority must ensure that the beach and the facilities be cleaned and returned to
order, before the flag is due to be raised the next morning, even if this means the cleansing teams
must work through the night to ensure that the beach is clean once the flag goes up. So, if the flag
is normally raised at 08h00 in the morning, the facilities must meet Blue Flag standards by 08h00 in
the morning.
It is recommended that the local authority/beach operator consider a fee to be levied on the
organisers of events hosted on Blue Flag beaches and that this income be used to make
improvements to the beach or within the local area.
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